ACT Past Papers with Answers

Paper 11

ACT June 2022

Form E26 · Science Test · 40 questions

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Paper 11 · ACT June 2022 · Form E26 · Science Test

According to Figure 1, for how many of the tempera- tures tested was the average duration of the egg stage longer than 1 week? 0 4 16 20 8 12 24 36 40 28 32 average duration (days) temperature (°C) 20 25 27 30 35 44 Key egg stage nymph stage adult stage 0 2 8 10 4 6 12 average number of eggs produced per female per day temperature (°C) 20 25 27 30 35

A1B2C4D5

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Paper 11 · ACT June 2022 · Form E26 · Science Test

Which of the PAs listed in Table 1 would exist in the liquid state at −65°C and 101.3 kPa ? 41 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. ACT-E26 4 4 Passage III Oil spills in the ocean are cleaned up by using a sorbent to soak up the oil floating on the water’s surface. Two studies examined the effectiveness of 4 sorbents: 3 natural (milkweed, cotton, and kenaf) and 1 synthetic (polypropylene). Before the studies, the following procedures were per- formed for each sorbent: A 1 g sample of the sorbent was completely dried and then placed in a beaker containing 500 mL of seawater. Ten minutes later, the sample was removed from the beaker and its mass was measured. The mass of seawater the sample had soaked up, ms, was calcu- lated. The sample was discarded. Study 1 The following procedures were performed for each sorbent: • A 500 mL volume of seawater was poured into each of 5 identical 1 L beakers. • A different mass of heavy crude oil—10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g, or 50 g—was added to each beaker. • A 1 g sample of completely dried sorbent was added to each beaker. • The beakers were gently shaken for 10 min. • Immediately after the beakers were shaken, each sample was removed from its beaker, and its final mass, mf, was measured. The mass of oil that had been soaked up by the sample, mo, was calculated as follows: mo = mf − ms − 1 g The results, given in grams of oil soaked up per gram of sorbent, are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Study 2 The procedures of Study 1 were repeated except that each sorbent was placed in light crude oil and seawater instead of heavy crude oil and seawater. The results are shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 Figures adapted from Hyung-Min Choi and Rinn M. Cloud, “Natural Sorbents in Oil Spill Cleanup.” ©1992 by the American Chemical Society. 40 30 20 10 0 oil soaked up (g of oil/g of sorbent) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 heavy crude oil in seawater (g/500 mL) Key milkweed cotton kenaf polypropylene 40 30 20 10 0 oil soaked up (g of oil/g of sorbent) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 light crude oil in seawater (g/500 mL) Key milkweed cotton kenaf polypropylene 42 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. ACT-E26 4 4

A1-propanamine onlyB1-pentanamine onlyC1-propanamine and 1-butanamine onlyD1-pentanamine and 1-butanamine only

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Paper 11 · ACT June 2022 · Form E26 · Science Test

Suppose that, in Study 1, 0.5 g of dry cotton and 0.5 g of dry polypropylene had been thoroughly mixed and then added to a 1 L beaker containing 500 mL of sea- water and 50 g of heavy crude oil. The number of grams of oil soaked up by the 1 g sorbent mixture would most likely have been: 43 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. ACT-E26 4 4 Passage IV Three experiments were performed to study the sur- face tension and pH of colorless aqueous solutions of 4 dif- ferent acids: nitric acid, formic acid, chloroacetic acid, and acetic acid. A liquid’s surface tension in millijoules per square meter (mJ/m2 ) is equal to the energy in millijoules required to increase the surface area of the liquid by 1 m2 . Experiment 1 Twenty 250 g aqueous solutions—5 of nitric acid, 5 of formic acid, 5 of chloroacetic acid, and 5 of acetic acid— were prepared. Each of the 5 solutions of a given acid had a different percent by mass of acid (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%). The surface tension of each solution and of distilled H2O was measured at 25°C (see Figure 1). Figure 1 Experiment 2 One gram of each of the 50% by mass acid solutions prepared in Experiment 1 was diluted with distilled H2O to a total mass of 10 g, forming four 5% by mass acid solu- tions. Six drops of methyl violet, a pH indicator, were added to each of these solutions. (A pH indicator is a com- pound whose color is determined by the pH of the solution in which the compound is dissolved.) The color of each resulting solution at 25°C was recorded (see Table 1). Table 1 adapted from Kenneth E. Kolb and Doris Kolb, “Illustrating the Inductive Effect on Acid Strength of Carboxylic Acids.” ©1989 by Division of Chemical Education, Inc., American Chemical Society. Experiment 3 One gram of each of the 20 solutions prepared in Experiment 1 was diluted with distilled H2O to a total mass of 10 g. The pH of each resulting solution was measured at 25°C (see Figure 2). Figure 2 Figures 1 and 2 adapted from W. M. Haynes, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics on CD-ROM, Version 2011. ©2011 by CRC Press, LLC.

Aless than 8.Bbetween 8 and 16.Cbetween 16 and 26.Dgreater than 26.

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Paper 11 · ACT June 2022 · Form E26 · Science Test

Based on the results of Experiment 3, which is the stronger acid, nitric acid or acetic acid? nitric acid solution had the lower pH. nitric acid solution had the higher pH. acetic acid solution had the lower pH. acetic acid solution had the higher pH. 45 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. ACT-E26 4 4 Passage V A structural beam, such as one used in construction, will deflect (bend) when a sufficiently large force is applied perpendicular to the beam’s length. Three studies of 12 trials each were performed on the deflection of 2 straight structural beams—a concrete beam and a steel beam—that had identical dimensions. In each trial, 2 supports were separated by a distance L, measured in centimeters (cm), and a beam was centered on top of the supports. A force, F, measured in kilonewtons (kN), was then applied to the center of the beam, and the maximum deflection of the beam, d, was measured in mil- limeters (mm). See the apparatus diagram. The beam was oriented in either the H configuration or the I configuration (see the configuration diagram). Study 1 Twelve trials were performed in which L was varied and F was 1 kN. In the first 6 trials, the concrete beam was tested in the H configuration. In the last 6 trials, the con- crete beam was tested in the I configuration. Figure 1 shows the results of these trials. Figure 1 Study 2 In 12 trials, the procedures of Study 1 were repeated, except that the steel beam was tested. Figure 2 shows the results of these trials. Figure 2 apparatus diagram F supports beam L d H configuration diagram I L (cm) d (mm) 0 120 140 160 180 100 200 H configuration I configuration L (cm) d (mm) 0 120 140 160 180 100 200 I configuration H configuration 46 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. ACT-E26 4 4 Study 3 Twelve trials were performed in which L was 100 cm and F was varied. In the first 6 trials, the concrete beam was tested in the I configuration. In the last 6 trials, the steel beam was tested in the I configuration. Figure 3 shows the results of these trials. Figure 3

ANitric acid, because at each concentration theBNitric acid, because at each concentration theCAcetic acid, because at each concentration theDAcetic acid, because at each concentration the 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

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Paper 11 · ACT June 2022 · Form E26 · Science Test

Suppose that a doorway is to be supported by one of the two beams tested in the studies. The doorway is 150 cm wide, and the beam must be able to support a force of at least 1 kN. However, d for the beam must never exceed 0.5 mm. Which beam, when oriented in which configuration, CANNOT be used to support this doorway? F (kN) d (mm) 4 6 8 2 0 12 10 concrete steel 47 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. ACT-E26 4 4 Passage VI A spring with a spring constant k (which indicates the spring’s stiffness) is attached to a cube of mass M and then to a wall. The cube initially rests at Point Q on a friction- less horizontal surface. The cube is pulled from Point Q to Point P, stretching the spring. Once released, the cube oscillates between Points P and R, each a distance A (the amplitude) from Point Q (see the diagram). The frequency, f, is the number of times per second the cube completes a cycle (travels from P to R, then back to P); v is the average speed of the cube during 1 cycle. The teacher asks each of 3 students to predict which combination of the independent variables k, M, and A would produce the highest f. Student 1 As k increases, v decreases, because a stiffer spring moves less freely. Therefore, f decreases because it takes more time for the cube to complete each cycle. As M increases, v decreases, and so f also decreases. As A increases, v increases, because the distance the cube travels during a complete cycle increases. Therefore, f also increases. The highest f would be produced when each of k and M has its least value and A has its greatest value. Student 2 As k increases, v increases, because the force exerted on the cube by the spring also increases, giving the cube a greater average acceleration and, therefore, a greater v. When v increases, f increases. As M increases, v and f increase, because during the spring’s oscillations, the momentum of the cube keeps its average speed from decreasing. As A increases, the force exerted on the cube by the spring increases, so v, f, and average acceleration increase. The highest f would be produced when each of k, M, and A has its greatest value. Student 3 As k increases, the potential energy stored in the spring just before its release increases, so both v and f also increase. As M increases, the cube’s average acceleration decreases, and so both v and f decrease. As A increases, both the cube’s average acceleration and v increase, but so does the total distance through which the cube must travel. Consequently, f remains the same. The highest f would be produced when k has its great- est value and M has its least value.

AThe concrete beam in the H configurationBThe concrete beam in the I configurationCThe steel beam in the H configurationDThe steel beam in the I configuration 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

Form E26 · Science Test · 40 questions

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