According to·the passage, whatquality did Tharpe havethat Mahalia·Jackson lacked? showbizflair topofit' The.ability to communicate the emotionalcore of a song h , ,4 ,1 _ n 1 一 旦 ACT-71E 35 GO ON TOTHE NEXT PAGE. 3B一：： Pas,agelV 微信号 loviact �ATlJRAL SCIEN<=E: This.pas�age isadapted.from the article "JheShakespeared·Brain" bfPhilip Davis (©?006 by The （ Reader). The word.semantic•ref!'lrs tothe· ni!lahing.a wordorsentence conveys.Th.e wordsyntax.referstothegranimatlcalstructu『eof TheJinguistic phenor,nenon in $hak�speare ·which is knownas'functionalshift'refers to the way that Shakespcare will often use one part ofspeech—anoun oranadjective, sax—to serveasanother, often averb, 5 shifting1ts grammatical nature'with mitj,irnalalteration to its shape. Thus in Learfor example,Edgar compar宁 ing himself to the king: ＇ He childed as IJathered' (nou,ns'child' and'father'shifted to verbs); in Troilus and.. Cressida,··'KingdomedAchilles· in commotion （ 10 rages'(noun·'kingdom'· converted to·adjective): ） Research suggeststhat there is one specific part of the brain that processes nounsand another partthat processes-verbs:butwhathappenswhenfof..a micro second there isaserioushesitationbetween \\'.hether, in 15· context,_thisis noun orverb? 独角兽在这里 3 ` l一 ｀ 鬟 耆 尽 ':With the help·of·my coUeagUein;English·lan guage, Victorina:Gonzalez-Df.ai, aswell_asscientists, I designed a set of stimuli—40 exarnples ofShakes speare's functional-shift. Atthis<veryearly- and rather 2O primitive s!age, we couldnot give our student-subjects undilutedhnesofShakespearebecausetoomuch in the brain would lightupintoo many places:.thatisoneof thedefinitions ofwhatShakespeare�languagedoe$.So, th_e stirnttliwecreated_were$imply.fo.,do withthe noun- 25 to-verb or verb-to-noun shift-wordsthemseIves, with more ordinarylan.guag�_around them. Around eachbf thosf!geritences.of functionalshift we also provided three counterexampleswhich were shown on screen to the experiment's subjects inrandom 30 order: aU theyhad todo was pressa buttonsaying whether.thesentence roughlymadesense ornot. Thu,S, below,A('accompapy')is asentenceWhichis converi tion.allygram,matica.l,inakes simple sense;andactsasa control; B (＇ charcoal') is grammatically odd, like a 35 functio;na\ shift,butitmakes no s�ip:anticsense in con� text; C('incubate').is grarnmatic"aHy correcrbut stili semanticallydoes not makesense;D·('cowpanion'}is a Shakespearian function.alshift from nounto verb, and is grammaticallyodd butdoesmakesense: 50 like measurements;When the hr皿过氐s a semantic violation, it al!tomatically registers what is called an N400:effect, ari ega'tive wave modulation 400 millisec ondsa:fter the on�etof the critical word中at disrupts the meaning ofasentence.The N400纽甲litude is small 55 \Vhen little serp,antic integration effort is needed (e:g., to integrat¢;the word'eat' in the sentence'The piz�a was to6 hotto ¢at')/and large when中e critical word is unexpected·anq therefore difficult to integrate (e. grate (e.g., 'The pizzawasfoohot to sing'). 60 Butwhen the brain senses a syntactic violation, there is aP600effect; aparietal modulation peaking approximately600 milliseconds after中e onset of the word thatupsets syntactic integrity_ Thus, when a word violates the grammatical structure of a sentence (e.g., 65'Th(pizza wastoo hot to mouth含 ），a pos诅ve wavejs systematically observed. PreHm,inary.resultssuggest this: (A)With·the.j;imple· control sente配e ("you saidyou would aci:oiripanyme'.), NO N400 or P600 effect 70 becauseitJs correctboth semanti呻andsyntactically. ' ， . , , ' ： , ' ． ， , 、 ` ， ' , ' , , ． t . ， i , f ' ， ' ． , ＇ ， t ' , “ ' , , ' ` ' ， ； ＼ ． ' ” , ＇ ， 飞 ， ＇ ， ＼ ＇ ” ， L 3 , r A 、 ' ， ' , ' : ； ， ， Y , ; I ; ． , ' , ' ' ， , ' ， 七 ． L ＇ ， ＇ , ' , , ＇ ， ' t . j ' , t , ＇ ,j , ＇ ， ＇ 、 , i , 1 , n '． , ' ， . ， ” ' ， ＇ . i ' ， ； t ' ， V , , ： t 、 卜 ' 2 , ' ， ＇ ， r ' ； f ' ， 、 “ 广 ' \ j , ＇ ， 、 ， 、 5 “ ” A , 1 " ？ ， ＇ ， . ＇ , i , ' ！ ` ． , ＇ ＇ ; ＇ 扁 ， ． ， ， ： · ， ” . . ， ＇ 、 令 · ' ; ． ,' t � , ： . , ＇ 编 • • • f , ． ＇ ｀ ｀ ， . ， 、 ' ｀ · ' , ＇ ， 40 A) I was not supposedt o go there alone:yousaid you wouldaccompany me. youwould c_harcoal me. youwould_incubate.me. :youwould companion me;． · ,. ． So farwe havejust carriedout the_EEG stage of experimentation..EEG works as follows in its graph- (B) With'you said you would cha亢oal me', BOTH N400, andP600 high because it寸olates both grammar and meaning. (C)With'you said you would in“如e me', NO P600 75 (it makes griunrriatical sense) but mGH N400 (it makes nosemantic Sensel. ） (D), With the Shakespearian'yon said yon would com� p(mionme',,HIOH P600 (because it feels like a gram� maticalart ornaly),but NO N400 (the brain will tolerate ao it, almost straightaway, as m吐ing sense despite the grammaticaldifficulty). This is in m吐edcontrastwith B abov:e; Sowhat? first,it meant that •functional shift'was a rol,,ustphenolnenon: that is to say, it had a distinct 85 and unique effect on the brain. Instinctively Shake� speare -w"asright to use it as one ofhis dramatictools. S-econd,ithe -P600 effect continued after the word ('companion'}that,triggered it. The brain was thu,s primed to look out for more difficulty, to work at a 90higher level;whilst still accepting that fundamental sensewasbeingmade. Shakespeare is stretching us; he is opening up th_e J?OSs!bilityof f1Jrtheri:peaks, new potentiaJ pathways or developments., 耋 壕 45 JLJt ca11 most reasonably be inferred from the passage thatthe author'�attitudetoward Shakespeare's writing is one.of: .， . ACT-71E 36 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. ' ,＇ , t ' ， 5 , ＇ , ＇ , ' ， i ' ． , ; ' ， , 3 ， ' , 1 , , ' , ' , i ' r , ' ， 拿 、 ， h ' ＼ ＇ ， , j ' , ＇ ， · ` , ＇ 1 、 ， ＇ ； ＇ 、 ， ＇ 、 J ` ？ ＇ ， j , 心 h , ， 勺 ， ＇ ， ， ＇ ， ： ＇ ， ＇ F ， ． 各 ' , ' � ， 1 ' ， “ ' , ' ， ' , ， 苗 3户VI？勺 微信号 loviact 独角兽在这里 3
