nc hti 10 b¢coJnE. wbile both widÈfy ¢cpJidÈred lost C4USCS. Iou8-StaDdiryg dTCam by the jollr. C cffort to PTDrnttÈ ciyll ri&bts rathrrtbjll Jatsty thE¥ eth kapFEL . ). wbÈl¢ 50tDe Ill co1&¢ lort Alli• the ¢QlltÈxt of the Sixth UIDN 4H31. batp¢opl traEicthat Tllay be mi51eadÉnB or ino*tttcL . sbould bc Erafe<oi fDr wbL£ thzy catt do JTWI Iiot WD wbatthcy aTÈ InuEdble ei. C*J> tbetssejvts to of1 Grtarorts Ind sotyBtlmei le with dis t5 ll4ThW defiuitiojts ¢f wjat CED 4Jo de5plre h2v&us evellmJ cornesto tb05c who quest>)A tho vi5knsD of or i)tel¥ quaE- eh(x>se to thEif 1)n xctvei if tbcy WL 3 Pass•ge IV NATURAL SctENC乙This p狂sage Is adapt的的m厅re /n Am,rfoo, A Cvllvral Hls/ory of Wild/and and Rvra/厅,. by SI叩h如J. Pyne (C>19眨byP如ceton un1..norty Preas), 3 li吐血ng. These fig血, describe cmly曲江t迦 ，pri- mariJythemcc血ical如皿ctionofb立cbes 盘'bole; the other majorcau还oflllOrtality一比sects. mnd. md llUSdetoe一釭e likely secondary effects brought about oo intrceswe吐ened显aghtnia上Allof山～亚cts,m 凹卫．m.aybe camoafl.aged hy 血laced by ligh血ng. Lightning affects electrical equilibrium on the earth．杠sapoorconductor, bu,somc electricitycoa- The process of.electrocuuoa” 江妇easingJyrec 亚nUylcaks to the.tmosphere, crealiug心el�trical 。严ed. Li吐tning scorch are.as of be1Weea O.25 and potca皿．ElectnClty moves back accordtng to the gra- 还acr..比vebeen i土ntified. Nor is tile-�;;, lim- 5 dICnt (chaoge江potcoual with distance]．． During a 65.ted totrc=s: Il has beeo documea已torgas立S. toma- 如ndmtom. the肛a如entbecomes v叩亚ep, and the to~. potato..，cabbag~. tea. and othcr mops. Long electncalpotentiaJ心scharges还lightllll1g. Thc di s- altn飞u匕d to已s-taJ,比 ． or to血e也0n by charge may move betweea any oppositcly ch江ged insects or心吐sos (of血a立00心y”fect), s匹h si氐 region尸fromcloud to earth. from earth to eJoud,or are oowrcco严远d w叫dwide釭aproductofphys10- 10 from cloudto cloud.It Was calcuJated as eady釭1�87 70 logjc.a.ltraumacausedby-ligh血ng. that the eanh would lose almost all its c比平扫归， thaoaohourunJess如supplywere叩mi如,!; thatis,, _ The most spectacul江product of lightningis fi江e. on aglobal sca1e, U吐tning will血cnari:• to _th• � 应ceptin tropicalrain fores:ts心d 01lice-mantlcdIand ev叩rhoura q吐nti,r of electrlcity__ •qual to . th• earth's 皿氐cs,ligbt.c.ing Ii匹比S 0立d iu C允守丘res妇 15 en巳c charie. TltOO如t0血S如tbus 立 el…一g- eaviroameaton the gJobe, coatributing to a natu过 止UCa., we asathermod严…ic neceSS1ty.Ithasbeen 75 mo氐c ofve&etation types.·Ev�正ntropical血如叩俨＄ 工～比ned that血earth立p中cnces some)，800 storms lightn1.DgbombardmeDt by i”clfmay fmqueatly be P“bour, or丑000perday. CQllcctiveJy，妇e sto皿＄ SCV叩enough_to produce a mosalc-paacm'siiiiiJir to prod匹': I�c!o�-to-即,u _ nd血c比屯cs persecond. or tbat兀sul血g from hgbtning丘e. Llghming丘;;·have zo be吐归n 8 �o� perj_•Y glo�ally.心d tb... estl· ig血必desert gr压slmds, tu皿立cbap”;.i;-swamp- 立氐""'pmbably low. The total eoergy m ligb血ng 80 1aod$. m“'hes，巴assl..dg. aad,of course, fo丘＄止 bo1”vmes gre正y, _but abo�t 250凶owa让hom of 吓bu吐the lJl比llSIty工dfr勺心a勺ofthe..丘C$ V叩 elcctnClty匹户吐ed江to己ch stro比．Almost 75 per- bym巳皿the让立达ieoc己比nn忙呾blo. ~n,of如s totalene屯yi£冲t to heat duriog心吐叩e. 25 Two types of discharge pa江ems arc commo已 i 池ntificd: the cold stroke, whose m血re已m (gro凹· to-cloud] stn业Cis ofiDt,.osc c立立ntbot of short dura· tion...d thc hot Stro匕．如olviug ks5cr c虹比血of 如gcr duration. Cold li吐心丘g, wlth iIS hi吐voltaac. 30 gcnerally has mecha.uic已or cxplosive effec比hot lightning is more apt to st江t f江es, Studies iu the Nortbcm R吐i..“gg~t lliatabo山one scrokc江巧 has the c!cc立迎cbaraeteri.,tics needed口start a丘m Whetheritdocsornot dcpe吐stronglyon the objectit 35汒ib:s,山c fuel properties of the objcc� and the local weather. Ignition rcqu江cs both heat and kindling, Ligh吐g supplies山e o比with i"current工d occa sioo�y f�ds山e o中er皿on_i.the_fi皿e fueIs ofrot比 wood, nccdles. gr心s,_or d心山Ke debris blown from a 40”eeby止e立plosive shock ofthe bolt运啦． The consequences of lighttting are ccmplex. Any natural force of中s magnilllde will.ulflucoce the bio logical no less th...the geophysical envirn11II1e皿丑d the second釭y effects oflightning工c si砰ificantto life. 45 LightDi.ng helps IOf'江a血OS岱cnc血ogcn into a fOCtD that r血can bring 10 earth. In areas of heavy tllu.nder storm activity, lightning ca.n function as a m札jor predator on江ecs. either through d远ct injnry orby physiological d血uge .上山c ponderosap虹forestsof SO Arizona, for eumple, one forester比s estimated中at lighttting mo呻"ron, betwcen 0.7 and l.O percent per ye盯． O山口msc江ch立S缸ve placed mortality as 氐gh丛2S-33 p叮cenL For southern pin比the fi严 m.ay比CV吐Stceper. A sIudy in Ar比皿as calculated 55止at 70 percent of mortality, by volume, was due to
