SAT Pastpaper with Solutions

Compost: Don’t Waste This WasteOver the past generation, people in many parts of theUnited States have become accustomed to dividing theirhousehold waste products into different categories forrecycling. (1 )Regardless, paper may go in one container,glass and aluminum in another, regular garbage in athird. Recently, some US cities have added a newcategory: compost, organic matter such as food scrapsand yard debris. Like paper or glass recycling,composting demands a certain amount of effort from thepublic in order to be successful. But the inconveniencesof composting are far outweighed by its benefits.Most people think of banana peels, eggshells, anddead leaves as “waste,” but compost is actually a valuableresource with multiple practical uses. When utilized as agarden fertilizer, compost provides nutrients to soil andimproves plant growth while deterring or killing pestsand preventing some plant diseases. It also enhances soiltexture, encouraging healthy roots and minimizing or(2 )annihilating the need for chemical fertilizers. Betterthan soil at holding moisture, compost minimizes waterwaste and storm runoff,( 3 )it increases savings onwatering costs, and helps reduce erosion onembankments near bodies of water. In large(4) quantities, which one would expect to see when it iscollected for an entire municipality), compost can beconverted into a natural gas that can be used as fuel fortransportation or heating and cooling systems.In spite of all compost’s potential uses, however,most of this so-called waste is wasted. According to theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), over(5) 13 million tons of metal ended up in US landfills in2009, along with over 13 million tons of yard debris.Remarkably, (6) less glass was discarded in landfills inthat year than any other substance, including plastics orpaper. Even (7 )worse, then the squandering of thisuseful resource is the fact that compost in landfills cannotbreak down due to the lack of necessary air and moisture.As a result, organic material that is sent to landfills(8 )contribute to the release of methane, a very(9) potent greenhouse gas

(10) While composting can sometimes lead toaccidental pollution through the release of methane gas,cities such as San Francisco and Seattle have institutedmandatory composting laws requiring individuals andbusinesses to use separate bins for compostable waste.This strict approach may not work everywhere. However,given the clear benefits of composting and theenvironmental costs of not composting, all municipalitiesshould encourage their residents either to create theirown compost piles for use in backyard gardens (11) or todispose of compostable materials in bins for collection.

Compost: Don’t Waste This WasteOver the past generation, people in many parts of theUnited States have become accustomed to dividing theirhousehold waste products into different categories forrecycling. (1 )Regardless, paper may go in one container,glass and aluminum in another, regular garbage in athird. Recently, some US cities have added a newcategory: compost, organic matter such as food scrapsand yard debris. Like paper or glass recycling,composting demands a certain amount of effort from thepublic in order to be successful. But the inconveniencesof composting are far outweighed by its benefits.Most people think of banana peels, eggshells, anddead leaves as “waste,” but compost is actually a valuableresource with multiple practical uses. When utilized as agarden fertilizer, compost provides nutrients to soil andimproves plant growth while deterring or killing pestsand preventing some plant diseases. It also enhances soiltexture, encouraging healthy roots and minimizing or(2 )annihilating the need for chemical fertilizers. Betterthan soil at holding moisture, compost minimizes waterwaste and storm runoff,( 3 )it increases savings onwatering costs, and helps reduce erosion onembankments near bodies of water. In large(4) quantities, which one would expect to see when it iscollected for an entire municipality), compost can beconverted into a natural gas that can be used as fuel fortransportation or heating and cooling systems.In spite of all compost’s potential uses, however,most of this so-called waste is wasted. According to theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), over(5) 13 million tons of metal ended up in US landfills in2009, along with over 13 million tons of yard debris.Remarkably, (6) less glass was discarded in landfills inthat year than any other substance, including plastics orpaper. Even (7 )worse, then the squandering of thisuseful resource is the fact that compost in landfills cannotbreak down due to the lack of necessary air and moisture.As a result, organic material that is sent to landfills(8 )contribute to the release of methane, a very(9) potent greenhouse gas

(10) While composting can sometimes lead toaccidental pollution through the release of methane gas,cities such as San Francisco and Seattle have institutedmandatory composting laws requiring individuals andbusinesses to use separate bins for compostable waste.This strict approach may not work everywhere. However,given the clear benefits of composting and theenvironmental costs of not composting, all municipalitiesshould encourage their residents either to create theirown compost piles for use in backyard gardens (11) or todispose of compostable materials in bins for collection.

Compost: Don’t Waste This WasteOver the past generation, people in many parts of theUnited States have become accustomed to dividing theirhousehold waste products into different categories forrecycling. (1 )Regardless, paper may go in one container,glass and aluminum in another, regular garbage in athird. Recently, some US cities have added a newcategory: compost, organic matter such as food scrapsand yard debris. Like paper or glass recycling,composting demands a certain amount of effort from thepublic in order to be successful. But the inconveniencesof composting are far outweighed by its benefits.Most people think of banana peels, eggshells, anddead leaves as “waste,” but compost is actually a valuableresource with multiple practical uses. When utilized as agarden fertilizer, compost provides nutrients to soil andimproves plant growth while deterring or killing pestsand preventing some plant diseases. It also enhances soiltexture, encouraging healthy roots and minimizing or(2 )annihilating the need for chemical fertilizers. Betterthan soil at holding moisture, compost minimizes waterwaste and storm runoff,( 3 )it increases savings onwatering costs, and helps reduce erosion onembankments near bodies of water. In large(4) quantities, which one would expect to see when it iscollected for an entire municipality), compost can beconverted into a natural gas that can be used as fuel fortransportation or heating and cooling systems.In spite of all compost’s potential uses, however,most of this so-called waste is wasted. According to theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), over(5) 13 million tons of metal ended up in US landfills in2009, along with over 13 million tons of yard debris.Remarkably, (6) less glass was discarded in landfills inthat year than any other substance, including plastics orpaper. Even (7 )worse, then the squandering of thisuseful resource is the fact that compost in landfills cannotbreak down due to the lack of necessary air and moisture.As a result, organic material that is sent to landfills(8 )contribute to the release of methane, a very(9) potent greenhouse gas

(10) While composting can sometimes lead toaccidental pollution through the release of methane gas,cities such as San Francisco and Seattle have institutedmandatory composting laws requiring individuals andbusinesses to use separate bins for compostable waste.This strict approach may not work everywhere. However,given the clear benefits of composting and theenvironmental costs of not composting, all municipalitiesshould encourage their residents either to create theirown compost piles for use in backyard gardens (11) or todispose of compostable materials in bins for collection.

Compost: Don’t Waste This WasteOver the past generation, people in many parts of theUnited States have become accustomed to dividing theirhousehold waste products into different categories forrecycling. (1 )Regardless, paper may go in one container,glass and aluminum in another, regular garbage in athird. Recently, some US cities have added a newcategory: compost, organic matter such as food scrapsand yard debris. Like paper or glass recycling,composting demands a certain amount of effort from thepublic in order to be successful. But the inconveniencesof composting are far outweighed by its benefits.Most people think of banana peels, eggshells, anddead leaves as “waste,” but compost is actually a valuableresource with multiple practical uses. When utilized as agarden fertilizer, compost provides nutrients to soil andimproves plant growth while deterring or killing pestsand preventing some plant diseases. It also enhances soiltexture, encouraging healthy roots and minimizing or(2 )annihilating the need for chemical fertilizers. Betterthan soil at holding moisture, compost minimizes waterwaste and storm runoff,( 3 )it increases savings onwatering costs, and helps reduce erosion onembankments near bodies of water. In large(4) quantities, which one would expect to see when it iscollected for an entire municipality), compost can beconverted into a natural gas that can be used as fuel fortransportation or heating and cooling systems.In spite of all compost’s potential uses, however,most of this so-called waste is wasted. According to theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), over(5) 13 million tons of metal ended up in US landfills in2009, along with over 13 million tons of yard debris.Remarkably, (6) less glass was discarded in landfills inthat year than any other substance, including plastics orpaper. Even (7 )worse, then the squandering of thisuseful resource is the fact that compost in landfills cannotbreak down due to the lack of necessary air and moisture.As a result, organic material that is sent to landfills(8 )contribute to the release of methane, a very(9) potent greenhouse gas

(10) While composting can sometimes lead toaccidental pollution through the release of methane gas,cities such as San Francisco and Seattle have institutedmandatory composting laws requiring individuals andbusinesses to use separate bins for compostable waste.This strict approach may not work everywhere. However,given the clear benefits of composting and theenvironmental costs of not composting, all municipalitiesshould encourage their residents either to create theirown compost piles for use in backyard gardens (11) or todispose of compostable materials in bins for collection.

Compost: Don’t Waste This WasteOver the past generation, people in many parts of theUnited States have become accustomed to dividing theirhousehold waste products into different categories forrecycling. (1 )Regardless, paper may go in one container,glass and aluminum in another, regular garbage in athird. Recently, some US cities have added a newcategory: compost, organic matter such as food scrapsand yard debris. Like paper or glass recycling,composting demands a certain amount of effort from thepublic in order to be successful. But the inconveniencesof composting are far outweighed by its benefits.Most people think of banana peels, eggshells, anddead leaves as “waste,” but compost is actually a valuableresource with multiple practical uses. When utilized as agarden fertilizer, compost provides nutrients to soil andimproves plant growth while deterring or killing pestsand preventing some plant diseases. It also enhances soiltexture, encouraging healthy roots and minimizing or(2 )annihilating the need for chemical fertilizers. Betterthan soil at holding moisture, compost minimizes waterwaste and storm runoff,( 3 )it increases savings onwatering costs, and helps reduce erosion onembankments near bodies of water. In large(4) quantities, which one would expect to see when it iscollected for an entire municipality), compost can beconverted into a natural gas that can be used as fuel fortransportation or heating and cooling systems.In spite of all compost’s potential uses, however,most of this so-called waste is wasted. According to theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), over(5) 13 million tons of metal ended up in US landfills in2009, along with over 13 million tons of yard debris.Remarkably, (6) less glass was discarded in landfills inthat year than any other substance, including plastics orpaper. Even (7 )worse, then the squandering of thisuseful resource is the fact that compost in landfills cannotbreak down due to the lack of necessary air and moisture.As a result, organic material that is sent to landfills(8 )contribute to the release of methane, a very(9) potent greenhouse gas

(10) While composting can sometimes lead toaccidental pollution through the release of methane gas,cities such as San Francisco and Seattle have institutedmandatory composting laws requiring individuals andbusinesses to use separate bins for compostable waste.This strict approach may not work everywhere. However,given the clear benefits of composting and theenvironmental costs of not composting, all municipalitiesshould encourage their residents either to create theirown compost piles for use in backyard gardens (11) or todispose of compostable materials in bins for collection.

Compost: Don’t Waste This WasteOver the past generation, people in many parts of theUnited States have become accustomed to dividing theirhousehold waste products into different categories forrecycling. (1 )Regardless, paper may go in one container,glass and aluminum in another, regular garbage in athird. Recently, some US cities have added a newcategory: compost, organic matter such as food scrapsand yard debris. Like paper or glass recycling,composting demands a certain amount of effort from thepublic in order to be successful. But the inconveniencesof composting are far outweighed by its benefits.Most people think of banana peels, eggshells, anddead leaves as “waste,” but compost is actually a valuableresource with multiple practical uses. When utilized as agarden fertilizer, compost provides nutrients to soil andimproves plant growth while deterring or killing pestsand preventing some plant diseases. It also enhances soiltexture, encouraging healthy roots and minimizing or(2 )annihilating the need for chemical fertilizers. Betterthan soil at holding moisture, compost minimizes waterwaste and storm runoff,( 3 )it increases savings onwatering costs, and helps reduce erosion onembankments near bodies of water. In large(4) quantities, which one would expect to see when it iscollected for an entire municipality), compost can beconverted into a natural gas that can be used as fuel fortransportation or heating and cooling systems.In spite of all compost’s potential uses, however,most of this so-called waste is wasted. According to theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), over(5) 13 million tons of metal ended up in US landfills in2009, along with over 13 million tons of yard debris.Remarkably, (6) less glass was discarded in landfills inthat year than any other substance, including plastics orpaper. Even (7 )worse, then the squandering of thisuseful resource is the fact that compost in landfills cannotbreak down due to the lack of necessary air and moisture.As a result, organic material that is sent to landfills(8 )contribute to the release of methane, a very(9) potent greenhouse gas

(10) While composting can sometimes lead toaccidental pollution through the release of methane gas,cities such as San Francisco and Seattle have institutedmandatory composting laws requiring individuals andbusinesses to use separate bins for compostable waste.This strict approach may not work everywhere. However,given the clear benefits of composting and theenvironmental costs of not composting, all municipalitiesshould encourage their residents either to create theirown compost piles for use in backyard gardens (11) or todispose of compostable materials in bins for collection.

Compost: Don’t Waste This WasteOver the past generation, people in many parts of theUnited States have become accustomed to dividing theirhousehold waste products into different categories forrecycling. (1 )Regardless, paper may go in one container,glass and aluminum in another, regular garbage in athird. Recently, some US cities have added a newcategory: compost, organic matter such as food scrapsand yard debris. Like paper or glass recycling,composting demands a certain amount of effort from thepublic in order to be successful. But the inconveniencesof composting are far outweighed by its benefits.Most people think of banana peels, eggshells, anddead leaves as “waste,” but compost is actually a valuableresource with multiple practical uses. When utilized as agarden fertilizer, compost provides nutrients to soil andimproves plant growth while deterring or killing pestsand preventing some plant diseases. It also enhances soiltexture, encouraging healthy roots and minimizing or(2 )annihilating the need for chemical fertilizers. Betterthan soil at holding moisture, compost minimizes waterwaste and storm runoff,( 3 )it increases savings onwatering costs, and helps reduce erosion onembankments near bodies of water. In large(4) quantities, which one would expect to see when it iscollected for an entire municipality), compost can beconverted into a natural gas that can be used as fuel fortransportation or heating and cooling systems.In spite of all compost’s potential uses, however,most of this so-called waste is wasted. According to theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), over(5) 13 million tons of metal ended up in US landfills in2009, along with over 13 million tons of yard debris.Remarkably, (6) less glass was discarded in landfills inthat year than any other substance, including plastics orpaper. Even (7 )worse, then the squandering of thisuseful resource is the fact that compost in landfills cannotbreak down due to the lack of necessary air and moisture.As a result, organic material that is sent to landfills(8 )contribute to the release of methane, a very(9) potent greenhouse gas

(10) While composting can sometimes lead toaccidental pollution through the release of methane gas,cities such as San Francisco and Seattle have institutedmandatory composting laws requiring individuals andbusinesses to use separate bins for compostable waste.This strict approach may not work everywhere. However,given the clear benefits of composting and theenvironmental costs of not composting, all municipalitiesshould encourage their residents either to create theirown compost piles for use in backyard gardens (11) or todispose of compostable materials in bins for collection.

Compost: Don’t Waste This WasteOver the past generation, people in many parts of theUnited States have become accustomed to dividing theirhousehold waste products into different categories forrecycling. (1 )Regardless, paper may go in one container,glass and aluminum in another, regular garbage in athird. Recently, some US cities have added a newcategory: compost, organic matter such as food scrapsand yard debris. Like paper or glass recycling,composting demands a certain amount of effort from thepublic in order to be successful. But the inconveniencesof composting are far outweighed by its benefits.Most people think of banana peels, eggshells, anddead leaves as “waste,” but compost is actually a valuableresource with multiple practical uses. When utilized as agarden fertilizer, compost provides nutrients to soil andimproves plant growth while deterring or killing pestsand preventing some plant diseases. It also enhances soiltexture, encouraging healthy roots and minimizing or(2 )annihilating the need for chemical fertilizers. Betterthan soil at holding moisture, compost minimizes waterwaste and storm runoff,( 3 )it increases savings onwatering costs, and helps reduce erosion onembankments near bodies of water. In large(4) quantities, which one would expect to see when it iscollected for an entire municipality), compost can beconverted into a natural gas that can be used as fuel fortransportation or heating and cooling systems.In spite of all compost’s potential uses, however,most of this so-called waste is wasted. According to theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), over(5) 13 million tons of metal ended up in US landfills in2009, along with over 13 million tons of yard debris.Remarkably, (6) less glass was discarded in landfills inthat year than any other substance, including plastics orpaper. Even (7 )worse, then the squandering of thisuseful resource is the fact that compost in landfills cannotbreak down due to the lack of necessary air and moisture.As a result, organic material that is sent to landfills(8 )contribute to the release of methane, a very(9) potent greenhouse gas

(10) While composting can sometimes lead toaccidental pollution through the release of methane gas,cities such as San Francisco and Seattle have institutedmandatory composting laws requiring individuals andbusinesses to use separate bins for compostable waste.This strict approach may not work everywhere. However,given the clear benefits of composting and theenvironmental costs of not composting, all municipalitiesshould encourage their residents either to create theirown compost piles for use in backyard gardens (11) or todispose of compostable materials in bins for collection.

Compost: Don’t Waste This WasteOver the past generation, people in many parts of theUnited States have become accustomed to dividing theirhousehold waste products into different categories forrecycling. (1 )Regardless, paper may go in one container,glass and aluminum in another, regular garbage in athird. Recently, some US cities have added a newcategory: compost, organic matter such as food scrapsand yard debris. Like paper or glass recycling,composting demands a certain amount of effort from thepublic in order to be successful. But the inconveniencesof composting are far outweighed by its benefits.Most people think of banana peels, eggshells, anddead leaves as “waste,” but compost is actually a valuableresource with multiple practical uses. When utilized as agarden fertilizer, compost provides nutrients to soil andimproves plant growth while deterring or killing pestsand preventing some plant diseases. It also enhances soiltexture, encouraging healthy roots and minimizing or(2 )annihilating the need for chemical fertilizers. Betterthan soil at holding moisture, compost minimizes waterwaste and storm runoff,( 3 )it increases savings onwatering costs, and helps reduce erosion onembankments near bodies of water. In large(4) quantities, which one would expect to see when it iscollected for an entire municipality), compost can beconverted into a natural gas that can be used as fuel fortransportation or heating and cooling systems.In spite of all compost’s potential uses, however,most of this so-called waste is wasted. According to theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), over(5) 13 million tons of metal ended up in US landfills in2009, along with over 13 million tons of yard debris.Remarkably, (6) less glass was discarded in landfills inthat year than any other substance, including plastics orpaper. Even (7 )worse, then the squandering of thisuseful resource is the fact that compost in landfills cannotbreak down due to the lack of necessary air and moisture.As a result, organic material that is sent to landfills(8 )contribute to the release of methane, a very(9) potent greenhouse gas

(10) While composting can sometimes lead toaccidental pollution through the release of methane gas,cities such as San Francisco and Seattle have institutedmandatory composting laws requiring individuals andbusinesses to use separate bins for compostable waste.This strict approach may not work everywhere. However,given the clear benefits of composting and theenvironmental costs of not composting, all municipalitiesshould encourage their residents either to create theirown compost piles for use in backyard gardens (11) or todispose of compostable materials in bins for collection.

Compost: Don’t Waste This WasteOver the past generation, people in many parts of theUnited States have become accustomed to dividing theirhousehold waste products into different categories forrecycling. (1 )Regardless, paper may go in one container,glass and aluminum in another, regular garbage in athird. Recently, some US cities have added a newcategory: compost, organic matter such as food scrapsand yard debris. Like paper or glass recycling,composting demands a certain amount of effort from thepublic in order to be successful. But the inconveniencesof composting are far outweighed by its benefits.Most people think of banana peels, eggshells, anddead leaves as “waste,” but compost is actually a valuableresource with multiple practical uses. When utilized as agarden fertilizer, compost provides nutrients to soil andimproves plant growth while deterring or killing pestsand preventing some plant diseases. It also enhances soiltexture, encouraging healthy roots and minimizing or(2 )annihilating the need for chemical fertilizers. Betterthan soil at holding moisture, compost minimizes waterwaste and storm runoff,( 3 )it increases savings onwatering costs, and helps reduce erosion onembankments near bodies of water. In large(4) quantities, which one would expect to see when it iscollected for an entire municipality), compost can beconverted into a natural gas that can be used as fuel fortransportation or heating and cooling systems.In spite of all compost’s potential uses, however,most of this so-called waste is wasted. According to theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), over(5) 13 million tons of metal ended up in US landfills in2009, along with over 13 million tons of yard debris.Remarkably, (6) less glass was discarded in landfills inthat year than any other substance, including plastics orpaper. Even (7 )worse, then the squandering of thisuseful resource is the fact that compost in landfills cannotbreak down due to the lack of necessary air and moisture.As a result, organic material that is sent to landfills(8 )contribute to the release of methane, a very(9) potent greenhouse gas

(10) While composting can sometimes lead toaccidental pollution through the release of methane gas,cities such as San Francisco and Seattle have institutedmandatory composting laws requiring individuals andbusinesses to use separate bins for compostable waste.This strict approach may not work everywhere. However,given the clear benefits of composting and theenvironmental costs of not composting, all municipalitiesshould encourage their residents either to create theirown compost piles for use in backyard gardens (11) or todispose of compostable materials in bins for collection.

A Lion’s Share of LuckIt’s the beginning of February, and as they do everyyear, thousands of people line H Street, the heart ofChinatown in Washington, DC. The crowd has gatheredto celebrate Lunar New Year. The street is a sea of(12) red. Red is the traditional Chinese color of luck andhappiness. Buildings are (13) draped with festive, red,banners, and garlands. Lampposts are strung withcrimson paper lanterns, which bob in the crisp winterbreeze. The eager spectators await the highlight of theNew Year parade: the lion dance.Experts agree that the lion dance originated in theHan dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE); however, there is littleagreement about the dance’s original purpose. Someevidence suggests that the earliest version of the dancewas an attempt to ward off an evil spirit; (14) lions areobviously very fierce. Another theory is that an emperor,upon waking from a dream about a lion, hired an artist tochoreograph the dance. (15 )The current function of thedance is celebration.The lion dance requires the strength, grace, andcoordination of two dancers, (16) both of whom arealmost completely hidden by the elaborate bamboo andpapier-mâché lion costume that they maneuver. Oneperson operates the lion’s head as the other guides thetorso and tail. Many of the moves in the dance, such asjumps, rolls, and kicks, are similar to (17 )martial arts andacrobatics. The dancers must be synchronized with themusic accompanying the dance—drums, cymbals, andgongs that supply the lion’s roar—as well as with eachother.[1] While there are many regional variations of thelion dance costume, all make extensive use of symbolsand colors. [2] The lion’s head is often adorned with aphoenix (18) (a mythical bird) or a tortoise (forlongevity). [3] Green lions encourage friendliness.[4] Golden and red lions represent liveliness and bravery,respectively. [5] Their older counterparts, yellow andwhite lions, dance more slowly and deliberately. [6] Insome variations, lions of different colors are differentages, and they move accordingly. [7] Black lions are theyoungest; therefore, they dance quickly and playfully.[8] The appearance of the lions varies, but their messageis consistent: Happy New Year. (19)As the parade winds its way through Chinatown, themusic crescendos, and the lion dance reaches (20) it’sclimax with the “plucking of the greens.” Approaching adoorway in which dangles a red envelope filled withgreen paper money, the (21) lion’s teeth snare theenvelope. It then chews up the bills and spits out the(22 )money-filled envelope instead of chewing it up. Thecrowd cheers for the lion dancers and for the prosperityand good fortune their dance foretells.

A Lion’s Share of LuckIt’s the beginning of February, and as they do everyyear, thousands of people line H Street, the heart ofChinatown in Washington, DC. The crowd has gatheredto celebrate Lunar New Year. The street is a sea of(12) red. Red is the traditional Chinese color of luck andhappiness. Buildings are (13) draped with festive, red,banners, and garlands. Lampposts are strung withcrimson paper lanterns, which bob in the crisp winterbreeze. The eager spectators await the highlight of theNew Year parade: the lion dance.Experts agree that the lion dance originated in theHan dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE); however, there is littleagreement about the dance’s original purpose. Someevidence suggests that the earliest version of the dancewas an attempt to ward off an evil spirit; (14) lions areobviously very fierce. Another theory is that an emperor,upon waking from a dream about a lion, hired an artist tochoreograph the dance. (15 )The current function of thedance is celebration.The lion dance requires the strength, grace, andcoordination of two dancers, (16) both of whom arealmost completely hidden by the elaborate bamboo andpapier-mâché lion costume that they maneuver. Oneperson operates the lion’s head as the other guides thetorso and tail. Many of the moves in the dance, such asjumps, rolls, and kicks, are similar to (17 )martial arts andacrobatics. The dancers must be synchronized with themusic accompanying the dance—drums, cymbals, andgongs that supply the lion’s roar—as well as with eachother.[1] While there are many regional variations of thelion dance costume, all make extensive use of symbolsand colors. [2] The lion’s head is often adorned with aphoenix (18) (a mythical bird) or a tortoise (forlongevity). [3] Green lions encourage friendliness.[4] Golden and red lions represent liveliness and bravery,respectively. [5] Their older counterparts, yellow andwhite lions, dance more slowly and deliberately. [6] Insome variations, lions of different colors are differentages, and they move accordingly. [7] Black lions are theyoungest; therefore, they dance quickly and playfully.[8] The appearance of the lions varies, but their messageis consistent: Happy New Year. (19)As the parade winds its way through Chinatown, themusic crescendos, and the lion dance reaches (20) it’sclimax with the “plucking of the greens.” Approaching adoorway in which dangles a red envelope filled withgreen paper money, the (21) lion’s teeth snare theenvelope. It then chews up the bills and spits out the(22 )money-filled envelope instead of chewing it up. Thecrowd cheers for the lion dancers and for the prosperityand good fortune their dance foretells.

A Lion’s Share of LuckIt’s the beginning of February, and as they do everyyear, thousands of people line H Street, the heart ofChinatown in Washington, DC. The crowd has gatheredto celebrate Lunar New Year. The street is a sea of(12) red. Red is the traditional Chinese color of luck andhappiness. Buildings are (13) draped with festive, red,banners, and garlands. Lampposts are strung withcrimson paper lanterns, which bob in the crisp winterbreeze. The eager spectators await the highlight of theNew Year parade: the lion dance.Experts agree that the lion dance originated in theHan dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE); however, there is littleagreement about the dance’s original purpose. Someevidence suggests that the earliest version of the dancewas an attempt to ward off an evil spirit; (14) lions areobviously very fierce. Another theory is that an emperor,upon waking from a dream about a lion, hired an artist tochoreograph the dance. (15 )The current function of thedance is celebration.The lion dance requires the strength, grace, andcoordination of two dancers, (16) both of whom arealmost completely hidden by the elaborate bamboo andpapier-mâché lion costume that they maneuver. Oneperson operates the lion’s head as the other guides thetorso and tail. Many of the moves in the dance, such asjumps, rolls, and kicks, are similar to (17 )martial arts andacrobatics. The dancers must be synchronized with themusic accompanying the dance—drums, cymbals, andgongs that supply the lion’s roar—as well as with eachother.[1] While there are many regional variations of thelion dance costume, all make extensive use of symbolsand colors. [2] The lion’s head is often adorned with aphoenix (18) (a mythical bird) or a tortoise (forlongevity). [3] Green lions encourage friendliness.[4] Golden and red lions represent liveliness and bravery,respectively. [5] Their older counterparts, yellow andwhite lions, dance more slowly and deliberately. [6] Insome variations, lions of different colors are differentages, and they move accordingly. [7] Black lions are theyoungest; therefore, they dance quickly and playfully.[8] The appearance of the lions varies, but their messageis consistent: Happy New Year. (19)As the parade winds its way through Chinatown, themusic crescendos, and the lion dance reaches (20) it’sclimax with the “plucking of the greens.” Approaching adoorway in which dangles a red envelope filled withgreen paper money, the (21) lion’s teeth snare theenvelope. It then chews up the bills and spits out the(22 )money-filled envelope instead of chewing it up. Thecrowd cheers for the lion dancers and for the prosperityand good fortune their dance foretells.

A Lion’s Share of LuckIt’s the beginning of February, and as they do everyyear, thousands of people line H Street, the heart ofChinatown in Washington, DC. The crowd has gatheredto celebrate Lunar New Year. The street is a sea of(12) red. Red is the traditional Chinese color of luck andhappiness. Buildings are (13) draped with festive, red,banners, and garlands. Lampposts are strung withcrimson paper lanterns, which bob in the crisp winterbreeze. The eager spectators await the highlight of theNew Year parade: the lion dance.Experts agree that the lion dance originated in theHan dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE); however, there is littleagreement about the dance’s original purpose. Someevidence suggests that the earliest version of the dancewas an attempt to ward off an evil spirit; (14) lions areobviously very fierce. Another theory is that an emperor,upon waking from a dream about a lion, hired an artist tochoreograph the dance. (15 )The current function of thedance is celebration.The lion dance requires the strength, grace, andcoordination of two dancers, (16) both of whom arealmost completely hidden by the elaborate bamboo andpapier-mâché lion costume that they maneuver. Oneperson operates the lion’s head as the other guides thetorso and tail. Many of the moves in the dance, such asjumps, rolls, and kicks, are similar to (17 )martial arts andacrobatics. The dancers must be synchronized with themusic accompanying the dance—drums, cymbals, andgongs that supply the lion’s roar—as well as with eachother.[1] While there are many regional variations of thelion dance costume, all make extensive use of symbolsand colors. [2] The lion’s head is often adorned with aphoenix (18) (a mythical bird) or a tortoise (forlongevity). [3] Green lions encourage friendliness.[4] Golden and red lions represent liveliness and bravery,respectively. [5] Their older counterparts, yellow andwhite lions, dance more slowly and deliberately. [6] Insome variations, lions of different colors are differentages, and they move accordingly. [7] Black lions are theyoungest; therefore, they dance quickly and playfully.[8] The appearance of the lions varies, but their messageis consistent: Happy New Year. (19)As the parade winds its way through Chinatown, themusic crescendos, and the lion dance reaches (20) it’sclimax with the “plucking of the greens.” Approaching adoorway in which dangles a red envelope filled withgreen paper money, the (21) lion’s teeth snare theenvelope. It then chews up the bills and spits out the(22 )money-filled envelope instead of chewing it up. Thecrowd cheers for the lion dancers and for the prosperityand good fortune their dance foretells.

A Lion’s Share of LuckIt’s the beginning of February, and as they do everyyear, thousands of people line H Street, the heart ofChinatown in Washington, DC. The crowd has gatheredto celebrate Lunar New Year. The street is a sea of(12) red. Red is the traditional Chinese color of luck andhappiness. Buildings are (13) draped with festive, red,banners, and garlands. Lampposts are strung withcrimson paper lanterns, which bob in the crisp winterbreeze. The eager spectators await the highlight of theNew Year parade: the lion dance.Experts agree that the lion dance originated in theHan dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE); however, there is littleagreement about the dance’s original purpose. Someevidence suggests that the earliest version of the dancewas an attempt to ward off an evil spirit; (14) lions areobviously very fierce. Another theory is that an emperor,upon waking from a dream about a lion, hired an artist tochoreograph the dance. (15 )The current function of thedance is celebration.The lion dance requires the strength, grace, andcoordination of two dancers, (16) both of whom arealmost completely hidden by the elaborate bamboo andpapier-mâché lion costume that they maneuver. Oneperson operates the lion’s head as the other guides thetorso and tail. Many of the moves in the dance, such asjumps, rolls, and kicks, are similar to (17 )martial arts andacrobatics. The dancers must be synchronized with themusic accompanying the dance—drums, cymbals, andgongs that supply the lion’s roar—as well as with eachother.[1] While there are many regional variations of thelion dance costume, all make extensive use of symbolsand colors. [2] The lion’s head is often adorned with aphoenix (18) (a mythical bird) or a tortoise (forlongevity). [3] Green lions encourage friendliness.[4] Golden and red lions represent liveliness and bravery,respectively. [5] Their older counterparts, yellow andwhite lions, dance more slowly and deliberately. [6] Insome variations, lions of different colors are differentages, and they move accordingly. [7] Black lions are theyoungest; therefore, they dance quickly and playfully.[8] The appearance of the lions varies, but their messageis consistent: Happy New Year. (19)As the parade winds its way through Chinatown, themusic crescendos, and the lion dance reaches (20) it’sclimax with the “plucking of the greens.” Approaching adoorway in which dangles a red envelope filled withgreen paper money, the (21) lion’s teeth snare theenvelope. It then chews up the bills and spits out the(22 )money-filled envelope instead of chewing it up. Thecrowd cheers for the lion dancers and for the prosperityand good fortune their dance foretells.

A Lion’s Share of LuckIt’s the beginning of February, and as they do everyyear, thousands of people line H Street, the heart ofChinatown in Washington, DC. The crowd has gatheredto celebrate Lunar New Year. The street is a sea of(12) red. Red is the traditional Chinese color of luck andhappiness. Buildings are (13) draped with festive, red,banners, and garlands. Lampposts are strung withcrimson paper lanterns, which bob in the crisp winterbreeze. The eager spectators await the highlight of theNew Year parade: the lion dance.Experts agree that the lion dance originated in theHan dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE); however, there is littleagreement about the dance’s original purpose. Someevidence suggests that the earliest version of the dancewas an attempt to ward off an evil spirit; (14) lions areobviously very fierce. Another theory is that an emperor,upon waking from a dream about a lion, hired an artist tochoreograph the dance. (15 )The current function of thedance is celebration.The lion dance requires the strength, grace, andcoordination of two dancers, (16) both of whom arealmost completely hidden by the elaborate bamboo andpapier-mâché lion costume that they maneuver. Oneperson operates the lion’s head as the other guides thetorso and tail. Many of the moves in the dance, such asjumps, rolls, and kicks, are similar to (17 )martial arts andacrobatics. The dancers must be synchronized with themusic accompanying the dance—drums, cymbals, andgongs that supply the lion’s roar—as well as with eachother.[1] While there are many regional variations of thelion dance costume, all make extensive use of symbolsand colors. [2] The lion’s head is often adorned with aphoenix (18) (a mythical bird) or a tortoise (forlongevity). [3] Green lions encourage friendliness.[4] Golden and red lions represent liveliness and bravery,respectively. [5] Their older counterparts, yellow andwhite lions, dance more slowly and deliberately. [6] Insome variations, lions of different colors are differentages, and they move accordingly. [7] Black lions are theyoungest; therefore, they dance quickly and playfully.[8] The appearance of the lions varies, but their messageis consistent: Happy New Year. (19)As the parade winds its way through Chinatown, themusic crescendos, and the lion dance reaches (20) it’sclimax with the “plucking of the greens.” Approaching adoorway in which dangles a red envelope filled withgreen paper money, the (21) lion’s teeth snare theenvelope. It then chews up the bills and spits out the(22 )money-filled envelope instead of chewing it up. Thecrowd cheers for the lion dancers and for the prosperityand good fortune their dance foretells.

A Lion’s Share of LuckIt’s the beginning of February, and as they do everyyear, thousands of people line H Street, the heart ofChinatown in Washington, DC. The crowd has gatheredto celebrate Lunar New Year. The street is a sea of(12) red. Red is the traditional Chinese color of luck andhappiness. Buildings are (13) draped with festive, red,banners, and garlands. Lampposts are strung withcrimson paper lanterns, which bob in the crisp winterbreeze. The eager spectators await the highlight of theNew Year parade: the lion dance.Experts agree that the lion dance originated in theHan dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE); however, there is littleagreement about the dance’s original purpose. Someevidence suggests that the earliest version of the dancewas an attempt to ward off an evil spirit; (14) lions areobviously very fierce. Another theory is that an emperor,upon waking from a dream about a lion, hired an artist tochoreograph the dance. (15 )The current function of thedance is celebration.The lion dance requires the strength, grace, andcoordination of two dancers, (16) both of whom arealmost completely hidden by the elaborate bamboo andpapier-mâché lion costume that they maneuver. Oneperson operates the lion’s head as the other guides thetorso and tail. Many of the moves in the dance, such asjumps, rolls, and kicks, are similar to (17 )martial arts andacrobatics. The dancers must be synchronized with themusic accompanying the dance—drums, cymbals, andgongs that supply the lion’s roar—as well as with eachother.[1] While there are many regional variations of thelion dance costume, all make extensive use of symbolsand colors. [2] The lion’s head is often adorned with aphoenix (18) (a mythical bird) or a tortoise (forlongevity). [3] Green lions encourage friendliness.[4] Golden and red lions represent liveliness and bravery,respectively. [5] Their older counterparts, yellow andwhite lions, dance more slowly and deliberately. [6] Insome variations, lions of different colors are differentages, and they move accordingly. [7] Black lions are theyoungest; therefore, they dance quickly and playfully.[8] The appearance of the lions varies, but their messageis consistent: Happy New Year. (19)As the parade winds its way through Chinatown, themusic crescendos, and the lion dance reaches (20) it’sclimax with the “plucking of the greens.” Approaching adoorway in which dangles a red envelope filled withgreen paper money, the (21) lion’s teeth snare theenvelope. It then chews up the bills and spits out the(22 )money-filled envelope instead of chewing it up. Thecrowd cheers for the lion dancers and for the prosperityand good fortune their dance foretells.

A Lion’s Share of LuckIt’s the beginning of February, and as they do everyyear, thousands of people line H Street, the heart ofChinatown in Washington, DC. The crowd has gatheredto celebrate Lunar New Year. The street is a sea of(12) red. Red is the traditional Chinese color of luck andhappiness. Buildings are (13) draped with festive, red,banners, and garlands. Lampposts are strung withcrimson paper lanterns, which bob in the crisp winterbreeze. The eager spectators await the highlight of theNew Year parade: the lion dance.Experts agree that the lion dance originated in theHan dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE); however, there is littleagreement about the dance’s original purpose. Someevidence suggests that the earliest version of the dancewas an attempt to ward off an evil spirit; (14) lions areobviously very fierce. Another theory is that an emperor,upon waking from a dream about a lion, hired an artist tochoreograph the dance. (15 )The current function of thedance is celebration.The lion dance requires the strength, grace, andcoordination of two dancers, (16) both of whom arealmost completely hidden by the elaborate bamboo andpapier-mâché lion costume that they maneuver. Oneperson operates the lion’s head as the other guides thetorso and tail. Many of the moves in the dance, such asjumps, rolls, and kicks, are similar to (17 )martial arts andacrobatics. The dancers must be synchronized with themusic accompanying the dance—drums, cymbals, andgongs that supply the lion’s roar—as well as with eachother.[1] While there are many regional variations of thelion dance costume, all make extensive use of symbolsand colors. [2] The lion’s head is often adorned with aphoenix (18) (a mythical bird) or a tortoise (forlongevity). [3] Green lions encourage friendliness.[4] Golden and red lions represent liveliness and bravery,respectively. [5] Their older counterparts, yellow andwhite lions, dance more slowly and deliberately. [6] Insome variations, lions of different colors are differentages, and they move accordingly. [7] Black lions are theyoungest; therefore, they dance quickly and playfully.[8] The appearance of the lions varies, but their messageis consistent: Happy New Year. (19)As the parade winds its way through Chinatown, themusic crescendos, and the lion dance reaches (20) it’sclimax with the “plucking of the greens.” Approaching adoorway in which dangles a red envelope filled withgreen paper money, the (21) lion’s teeth snare theenvelope. It then chews up the bills and spits out the(22 )money-filled envelope instead of chewing it up. Thecrowd cheers for the lion dancers and for the prosperityand good fortune their dance foretells.

A Lion’s Share of LuckIt’s the beginning of February, and as they do everyyear, thousands of people line H Street, the heart ofChinatown in Washington, DC. The crowd has gatheredto celebrate Lunar New Year. The street is a sea of(12) red. Red is the traditional Chinese color of luck andhappiness. Buildings are (13) draped with festive, red,banners, and garlands. Lampposts are strung withcrimson paper lanterns, which bob in the crisp winterbreeze. The eager spectators await the highlight of theNew Year parade: the lion dance.Experts agree that the lion dance originated in theHan dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE); however, there is littleagreement about the dance’s original purpose. Someevidence suggests that the earliest version of the dancewas an attempt to ward off an evil spirit; (14) lions areobviously very fierce. Another theory is that an emperor,upon waking from a dream about a lion, hired an artist tochoreograph the dance. (15 )The current function of thedance is celebration.The lion dance requires the strength, grace, andcoordination of two dancers, (16) both of whom arealmost completely hidden by the elaborate bamboo andpapier-mâché lion costume that they maneuver. Oneperson operates the lion’s head as the other guides thetorso and tail. Many of the moves in the dance, such asjumps, rolls, and kicks, are similar to (17 )martial arts andacrobatics. The dancers must be synchronized with themusic accompanying the dance—drums, cymbals, andgongs that supply the lion’s roar—as well as with eachother.[1] While there are many regional variations of thelion dance costume, all make extensive use of symbolsand colors. [2] The lion’s head is often adorned with aphoenix (18) (a mythical bird) or a tortoise (forlongevity). [3] Green lions encourage friendliness.[4] Golden and red lions represent liveliness and bravery,respectively. [5] Their older counterparts, yellow andwhite lions, dance more slowly and deliberately. [6] Insome variations, lions of different colors are differentages, and they move accordingly. [7] Black lions are theyoungest; therefore, they dance quickly and playfully.[8] The appearance of the lions varies, but their messageis consistent: Happy New Year. (19)As the parade winds its way through Chinatown, themusic crescendos, and the lion dance reaches (20) it’sclimax with the “plucking of the greens.” Approaching adoorway in which dangles a red envelope filled withgreen paper money, the (21) lion’s teeth snare theenvelope. It then chews up the bills and spits out the(22 )money-filled envelope instead of chewing it up. Thecrowd cheers for the lion dancers and for the prosperityand good fortune their dance foretells.

A Lion’s Share of LuckIt’s the beginning of February, and as they do everyyear, thousands of people line H Street, the heart ofChinatown in Washington, DC. The crowd has gatheredto celebrate Lunar New Year. The street is a sea of(12) red. Red is the traditional Chinese color of luck andhappiness. Buildings are (13) draped with festive, red,banners, and garlands. Lampposts are strung withcrimson paper lanterns, which bob in the crisp winterbreeze. The eager spectators await the highlight of theNew Year parade: the lion dance.Experts agree that the lion dance originated in theHan dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE); however, there is littleagreement about the dance’s original purpose. Someevidence suggests that the earliest version of the dancewas an attempt to ward off an evil spirit; (14) lions areobviously very fierce. Another theory is that an emperor,upon waking from a dream about a lion, hired an artist tochoreograph the dance. (15 )The current function of thedance is celebration.The lion dance requires the strength, grace, andcoordination of two dancers, (16) both of whom arealmost completely hidden by the elaborate bamboo andpapier-mâché lion costume that they maneuver. Oneperson operates the lion’s head as the other guides thetorso and tail. Many of the moves in the dance, such asjumps, rolls, and kicks, are similar to (17 )martial arts andacrobatics. The dancers must be synchronized with themusic accompanying the dance—drums, cymbals, andgongs that supply the lion’s roar—as well as with eachother.[1] While there are many regional variations of thelion dance costume, all make extensive use of symbolsand colors. [2] The lion’s head is often adorned with aphoenix (18) (a mythical bird) or a tortoise (forlongevity). [3] Green lions encourage friendliness.[4] Golden and red lions represent liveliness and bravery,respectively. [5] Their older counterparts, yellow andwhite lions, dance more slowly and deliberately. [6] Insome variations, lions of different colors are differentages, and they move accordingly. [7] Black lions are theyoungest; therefore, they dance quickly and playfully.[8] The appearance of the lions varies, but their messageis consistent: Happy New Year. (19)As the parade winds its way through Chinatown, themusic crescendos, and the lion dance reaches (20) it’sclimax with the “plucking of the greens.” Approaching adoorway in which dangles a red envelope filled withgreen paper money, the (21) lion’s teeth snare theenvelope. It then chews up the bills and spits out the(22 )money-filled envelope instead of chewing it up. Thecrowd cheers for the lion dancers and for the prosperityand good fortune their dance foretells.

A Lion’s Share of LuckIt’s the beginning of February, and as they do everyyear, thousands of people line H Street, the heart ofChinatown in Washington, DC. The crowd has gatheredto celebrate Lunar New Year. The street is a sea of(12) red. Red is the traditional Chinese color of luck andhappiness. Buildings are (13) draped with festive, red,banners, and garlands. Lampposts are strung withcrimson paper lanterns, which bob in the crisp winterbreeze. The eager spectators await the highlight of theNew Year parade: the lion dance.Experts agree that the lion dance originated in theHan dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE); however, there is littleagreement about the dance’s original purpose. Someevidence suggests that the earliest version of the dancewas an attempt to ward off an evil spirit; (14) lions areobviously very fierce. Another theory is that an emperor,upon waking from a dream about a lion, hired an artist tochoreograph the dance. (15 )The current function of thedance is celebration.The lion dance requires the strength, grace, andcoordination of two dancers, (16) both of whom arealmost completely hidden by the elaborate bamboo andpapier-mâché lion costume that they maneuver. Oneperson operates the lion’s head as the other guides thetorso and tail. Many of the moves in the dance, such asjumps, rolls, and kicks, are similar to (17 )martial arts andacrobatics. The dancers must be synchronized with themusic accompanying the dance—drums, cymbals, andgongs that supply the lion’s roar—as well as with eachother.[1] While there are many regional variations of thelion dance costume, all make extensive use of symbolsand colors. [2] The lion’s head is often adorned with aphoenix (18) (a mythical bird) or a tortoise (forlongevity). [3] Green lions encourage friendliness.[4] Golden and red lions represent liveliness and bravery,respectively. [5] Their older counterparts, yellow andwhite lions, dance more slowly and deliberately. [6] Insome variations, lions of different colors are differentages, and they move accordingly. [7] Black lions are theyoungest; therefore, they dance quickly and playfully.[8] The appearance of the lions varies, but their messageis consistent: Happy New Year. (19)As the parade winds its way through Chinatown, themusic crescendos, and the lion dance reaches (20) it’sclimax with the “plucking of the greens.” Approaching adoorway in which dangles a red envelope filled withgreen paper money, the (21) lion’s teeth snare theenvelope. It then chews up the bills and spits out the(22 )money-filled envelope instead of chewing it up. Thecrowd cheers for the lion dancers and for the prosperityand good fortune their dance foretells.

Court Reporting: Humans v. MachinesCourt reporters for years have been the recordkeepers of the court, taking (23) scrupulous notes during(24) hearings; depositions, and other legal proceedings.Despite the increasing use of digital recordingtechnologies, court reporters still play a vital role incourtrooms. (25 )Although machines can easily makedigital audio recordings of court events, they lack thenuance of human court reporters in providing a preciserecord.[1] Court reporters record the spoken word in realtime, most commonly using the technique ofstenography. [2] A stenotype machine allows a person totype about 200 words per minute (the speed of speech isabout 180 words per minute). [3] The typed words areinstantaneously translated onto a computer screen for thejudge to view, and the transcript is used later by peoplewho want to review the case, such as journalists andlawyers. [4] Digital audio recording is becomingincreasingly popular in courtrooms across the UnitedStates, with six states using solely audio recordings forgeneral jurisdiction sessions. [5] Proponents of goingdigital say that technology is the easiest way to get themost accurate record of the proceedings, as the machinerecords everything faithfully as it occurs and is not(26) subject to human errors such as mishearing ormistyping. [6] However, with the rise of high-qualityrecording technology, reliance on court reporters (27) as arecord keeper is decreasing.( 28)Champions of court reporting, though, argue the(29 )opposite. They argue that with the increased relianceon technology, errors actually increase. Because digitalsystems record (30) indiscriminately; they cannot discernimportant parts of the proceedings from other noises inthe courtroom. (31) Despite this, a digital device doesindeed record everything, but that includes loud noises,such as a book dropping, that can make the actual wordsspoken impossible to hear. A court reporter, however,can distinguish between the words (32 )and distinguishbetween the extrinsic noises that need not be recorded.Also, if a witness mumbles, a human court reporter canpause court proceedings to ask the witness to repeat whathe or she said. In some cases, digital recording( 33) makesit necessary for the judge to make additionalannouncements at the beginning of a trial. Increasing useof technology is “a transition from accurate records toadequate records,” says Bob Tate, president of theCertified Court Reporters Association of New Jersey.Despite the apparent benefits of using digitalrecording systems in courtrooms, there is still a need forthe human touch in legal proceedings. At least for theforeseeable future, machines simply cannot replicate theinvaluable clarification skills and adaptability of humancourt reporters.

Court Reporting: Humans v. MachinesCourt reporters for years have been the recordkeepers of the court, taking (23) scrupulous notes during(24) hearings; depositions, and other legal proceedings.Despite the increasing use of digital recordingtechnologies, court reporters still play a vital role incourtrooms. (25 )Although machines can easily makedigital audio recordings of court events, they lack thenuance of human court reporters in providing a preciserecord.[1] Court reporters record the spoken word in realtime, most commonly using the technique ofstenography. [2] A stenotype machine allows a person totype about 200 words per minute (the speed of speech isabout 180 words per minute). [3] The typed words areinstantaneously translated onto a computer screen for thejudge to view, and the transcript is used later by peoplewho want to review the case, such as journalists andlawyers. [4] Digital audio recording is becomingincreasingly popular in courtrooms across the UnitedStates, with six states using solely audio recordings forgeneral jurisdiction sessions. [5] Proponents of goingdigital say that technology is the easiest way to get themost accurate record of the proceedings, as the machinerecords everything faithfully as it occurs and is not(26) subject to human errors such as mishearing ormistyping. [6] However, with the rise of high-qualityrecording technology, reliance on court reporters (27) as arecord keeper is decreasing.( 28)Champions of court reporting, though, argue the(29 )opposite. They argue that with the increased relianceon technology, errors actually increase. Because digitalsystems record (30) indiscriminately; they cannot discernimportant parts of the proceedings from other noises inthe courtroom. (31) Despite this, a digital device doesindeed record everything, but that includes loud noises,such as a book dropping, that can make the actual wordsspoken impossible to hear. A court reporter, however,can distinguish between the words (32 )and distinguishbetween the extrinsic noises that need not be recorded.Also, if a witness mumbles, a human court reporter canpause court proceedings to ask the witness to repeat whathe or she said. In some cases, digital recording( 33) makesit necessary for the judge to make additionalannouncements at the beginning of a trial. Increasing useof technology is “a transition from accurate records toadequate records,” says Bob Tate, president of theCertified Court Reporters Association of New Jersey.Despite the apparent benefits of using digitalrecording systems in courtrooms, there is still a need forthe human touch in legal proceedings. At least for theforeseeable future, machines simply cannot replicate theinvaluable clarification skills and adaptability of humancourt reporters.

Court Reporting: Humans v. MachinesCourt reporters for years have been the recordkeepers of the court, taking (23) scrupulous notes during(24) hearings; depositions, and other legal proceedings.Despite the increasing use of digital recordingtechnologies, court reporters still play a vital role incourtrooms. (25 )Although machines can easily makedigital audio recordings of court events, they lack thenuance of human court reporters in providing a preciserecord.[1] Court reporters record the spoken word in realtime, most commonly using the technique ofstenography. [2] A stenotype machine allows a person totype about 200 words per minute (the speed of speech isabout 180 words per minute). [3] The typed words areinstantaneously translated onto a computer screen for thejudge to view, and the transcript is used later by peoplewho want to review the case, such as journalists andlawyers. [4] Digital audio recording is becomingincreasingly popular in courtrooms across the UnitedStates, with six states using solely audio recordings forgeneral jurisdiction sessions. [5] Proponents of goingdigital say that technology is the easiest way to get themost accurate record of the proceedings, as the machinerecords everything faithfully as it occurs and is not(26) subject to human errors such as mishearing ormistyping. [6] However, with the rise of high-qualityrecording technology, reliance on court reporters (27) as arecord keeper is decreasing.( 28)Champions of court reporting, though, argue the(29 )opposite. They argue that with the increased relianceon technology, errors actually increase. Because digitalsystems record (30) indiscriminately; they cannot discernimportant parts of the proceedings from other noises inthe courtroom. (31) Despite this, a digital device doesindeed record everything, but that includes loud noises,such as a book dropping, that can make the actual wordsspoken impossible to hear. A court reporter, however,can distinguish between the words (32 )and distinguishbetween the extrinsic noises that need not be recorded.Also, if a witness mumbles, a human court reporter canpause court proceedings to ask the witness to repeat whathe or she said. In some cases, digital recording( 33) makesit necessary for the judge to make additionalannouncements at the beginning of a trial. Increasing useof technology is “a transition from accurate records toadequate records,” says Bob Tate, president of theCertified Court Reporters Association of New Jersey.Despite the apparent benefits of using digitalrecording systems in courtrooms, there is still a need forthe human touch in legal proceedings. At least for theforeseeable future, machines simply cannot replicate theinvaluable clarification skills and adaptability of humancourt reporters.

Court Reporting: Humans v. MachinesCourt reporters for years have been the recordkeepers of the court, taking (23) scrupulous notes during(24) hearings; depositions, and other legal proceedings.Despite the increasing use of digital recordingtechnologies, court reporters still play a vital role incourtrooms. (25 )Although machines can easily makedigital audio recordings of court events, they lack thenuance of human court reporters in providing a preciserecord.[1] Court reporters record the spoken word in realtime, most commonly using the technique ofstenography. [2] A stenotype machine allows a person totype about 200 words per minute (the speed of speech isabout 180 words per minute). [3] The typed words areinstantaneously translated onto a computer screen for thejudge to view, and the transcript is used later by peoplewho want to review the case, such as journalists andlawyers. [4] Digital audio recording is becomingincreasingly popular in courtrooms across the UnitedStates, with six states using solely audio recordings forgeneral jurisdiction sessions. [5] Proponents of goingdigital say that technology is the easiest way to get themost accurate record of the proceedings, as the machinerecords everything faithfully as it occurs and is not(26) subject to human errors such as mishearing ormistyping. [6] However, with the rise of high-qualityrecording technology, reliance on court reporters (27) as arecord keeper is decreasing.( 28)Champions of court reporting, though, argue the(29 )opposite. They argue that with the increased relianceon technology, errors actually increase. Because digitalsystems record (30) indiscriminately; they cannot discernimportant parts of the proceedings from other noises inthe courtroom. (31) Despite this, a digital device doesindeed record everything, but that includes loud noises,such as a book dropping, that can make the actual wordsspoken impossible to hear. A court reporter, however,can distinguish between the words (32 )and distinguishbetween the extrinsic noises that need not be recorded.Also, if a witness mumbles, a human court reporter canpause court proceedings to ask the witness to repeat whathe or she said. In some cases, digital recording( 33) makesit necessary for the judge to make additionalannouncements at the beginning of a trial. Increasing useof technology is “a transition from accurate records toadequate records,” says Bob Tate, president of theCertified Court Reporters Association of New Jersey.Despite the apparent benefits of using digitalrecording systems in courtrooms, there is still a need forthe human touch in legal proceedings. At least for theforeseeable future, machines simply cannot replicate theinvaluable clarification skills and adaptability of humancourt reporters.

Court Reporting: Humans v. MachinesCourt reporters for years have been the recordkeepers of the court, taking (23) scrupulous notes during(24) hearings; depositions, and other legal proceedings.Despite the increasing use of digital recordingtechnologies, court reporters still play a vital role incourtrooms. (25 )Although machines can easily makedigital audio recordings of court events, they lack thenuance of human court reporters in providing a preciserecord.[1] Court reporters record the spoken word in realtime, most commonly using the technique ofstenography. [2] A stenotype machine allows a person totype about 200 words per minute (the speed of speech isabout 180 words per minute). [3] The typed words areinstantaneously translated onto a computer screen for thejudge to view, and the transcript is used later by peoplewho want to review the case, such as journalists andlawyers. [4] Digital audio recording is becomingincreasingly popular in courtrooms across the UnitedStates, with six states using solely audio recordings forgeneral jurisdiction sessions. [5] Proponents of goingdigital say that technology is the easiest way to get themost accurate record of the proceedings, as the machinerecords everything faithfully as it occurs and is not(26) subject to human errors such as mishearing ormistyping. [6] However, with the rise of high-qualityrecording technology, reliance on court reporters (27) as arecord keeper is decreasing.( 28)Champions of court reporting, though, argue the(29 )opposite. They argue that with the increased relianceon technology, errors actually increase. Because digitalsystems record (30) indiscriminately; they cannot discernimportant parts of the proceedings from other noises inthe courtroom. (31) Despite this, a digital device doesindeed record everything, but that includes loud noises,such as a book dropping, that can make the actual wordsspoken impossible to hear. A court reporter, however,can distinguish between the words (32 )and distinguishbetween the extrinsic noises that need not be recorded.Also, if a witness mumbles, a human court reporter canpause court proceedings to ask the witness to repeat whathe or she said. In some cases, digital recording( 33) makesit necessary for the judge to make additionalannouncements at the beginning of a trial. Increasing useof technology is “a transition from accurate records toadequate records,” says Bob Tate, president of theCertified Court Reporters Association of New Jersey.Despite the apparent benefits of using digitalrecording systems in courtrooms, there is still a need forthe human touch in legal proceedings. At least for theforeseeable future, machines simply cannot replicate theinvaluable clarification skills and adaptability of humancourt reporters.

Court Reporting: Humans v. MachinesCourt reporters for years have been the recordkeepers of the court, taking (23) scrupulous notes during(24) hearings; depositions, and other legal proceedings.Despite the increasing use of digital recordingtechnologies, court reporters still play a vital role incourtrooms. (25 )Although machines can easily makedigital audio recordings of court events, they lack thenuance of human court reporters in providing a preciserecord.[1] Court reporters record the spoken word in realtime, most commonly using the technique ofstenography. [2] A stenotype machine allows a person totype about 200 words per minute (the speed of speech isabout 180 words per minute). [3] The typed words areinstantaneously translated onto a computer screen for thejudge to view, and the transcript is used later by peoplewho want to review the case, such as journalists andlawyers. [4] Digital audio recording is becomingincreasingly popular in courtrooms across the UnitedStates, with six states using solely audio recordings forgeneral jurisdiction sessions. [5] Proponents of goingdigital say that technology is the easiest way to get themost accurate record of the proceedings, as the machinerecords everything faithfully as it occurs and is not(26) subject to human errors such as mishearing ormistyping. [6] However, with the rise of high-qualityrecording technology, reliance on court reporters (27) as arecord keeper is decreasing.( 28)Champions of court reporting, though, argue the(29 )opposite. They argue that with the increased relianceon technology, errors actually increase. Because digitalsystems record (30) indiscriminately; they cannot discernimportant parts of the proceedings from other noises inthe courtroom. (31) Despite this, a digital device doesindeed record everything, but that includes loud noises,such as a book dropping, that can make the actual wordsspoken impossible to hear. A court reporter, however,can distinguish between the words (32 )and distinguishbetween the extrinsic noises that need not be recorded.Also, if a witness mumbles, a human court reporter canpause court proceedings to ask the witness to repeat whathe or she said. In some cases, digital recording( 33) makesit necessary for the judge to make additionalannouncements at the beginning of a trial. Increasing useof technology is “a transition from accurate records toadequate records,” says Bob Tate, president of theCertified Court Reporters Association of New Jersey.Despite the apparent benefits of using digitalrecording systems in courtrooms, there is still a need forthe human touch in legal proceedings. At least for theforeseeable future, machines simply cannot replicate theinvaluable clarification skills and adaptability of humancourt reporters.

Court Reporting: Humans v. MachinesCourt reporters for years have been the recordkeepers of the court, taking (23) scrupulous notes during(24) hearings; depositions, and other legal proceedings.Despite the increasing use of digital recordingtechnologies, court reporters still play a vital role incourtrooms. (25 )Although machines can easily makedigital audio recordings of court events, they lack thenuance of human court reporters in providing a preciserecord.[1] Court reporters record the spoken word in realtime, most commonly using the technique ofstenography. [2] A stenotype machine allows a person totype about 200 words per minute (the speed of speech isabout 180 words per minute). [3] The typed words areinstantaneously translated onto a computer screen for thejudge to view, and the transcript is used later by peoplewho want to review the case, such as journalists andlawyers. [4] Digital audio recording is becomingincreasingly popular in courtrooms across the UnitedStates, with six states using solely audio recordings forgeneral jurisdiction sessions. [5] Proponents of goingdigital say that technology is the easiest way to get themost accurate record of the proceedings, as the machinerecords everything faithfully as it occurs and is not(26) subject to human errors such as mishearing ormistyping. [6] However, with the rise of high-qualityrecording technology, reliance on court reporters (27) as arecord keeper is decreasing.( 28)Champions of court reporting, though, argue the(29 )opposite. They argue that with the increased relianceon technology, errors actually increase. Because digitalsystems record (30) indiscriminately; they cannot discernimportant parts of the proceedings from other noises inthe courtroom. (31) Despite this, a digital device doesindeed record everything, but that includes loud noises,such as a book dropping, that can make the actual wordsspoken impossible to hear. A court reporter, however,can distinguish between the words (32 )and distinguishbetween the extrinsic noises that need not be recorded.Also, if a witness mumbles, a human court reporter canpause court proceedings to ask the witness to repeat whathe or she said. In some cases, digital recording( 33) makesit necessary for the judge to make additionalannouncements at the beginning of a trial. Increasing useof technology is “a transition from accurate records toadequate records,” says Bob Tate, president of theCertified Court Reporters Association of New Jersey.Despite the apparent benefits of using digitalrecording systems in courtrooms, there is still a need forthe human touch in legal proceedings. At least for theforeseeable future, machines simply cannot replicate theinvaluable clarification skills and adaptability of humancourt reporters.

Court Reporting: Humans v. MachinesCourt reporters for years have been the recordkeepers of the court, taking (23) scrupulous notes during(24) hearings; depositions, and other legal proceedings.Despite the increasing use of digital recordingtechnologies, court reporters still play a vital role incourtrooms. (25 )Although machines can easily makedigital audio recordings of court events, they lack thenuance of human court reporters in providing a preciserecord.[1] Court reporters record the spoken word in realtime, most commonly using the technique ofstenography. [2] A stenotype machine allows a person totype about 200 words per minute (the speed of speech isabout 180 words per minute). [3] The typed words areinstantaneously translated onto a computer screen for thejudge to view, and the transcript is used later by peoplewho want to review the case, such as journalists andlawyers. [4] Digital audio recording is becomingincreasingly popular in courtrooms across the UnitedStates, with six states using solely audio recordings forgeneral jurisdiction sessions. [5] Proponents of goingdigital say that technology is the easiest way to get themost accurate record of the proceedings, as the machinerecords everything faithfully as it occurs and is not(26) subject to human errors such as mishearing ormistyping. [6] However, with the rise of high-qualityrecording technology, reliance on court reporters (27) as arecord keeper is decreasing.( 28)Champions of court reporting, though, argue the(29 )opposite. They argue that with the increased relianceon technology, errors actually increase. Because digitalsystems record (30) indiscriminately; they cannot discernimportant parts of the proceedings from other noises inthe courtroom. (31) Despite this, a digital device doesindeed record everything, but that includes loud noises,such as a book dropping, that can make the actual wordsspoken impossible to hear. A court reporter, however,can distinguish between the words (32 )and distinguishbetween the extrinsic noises that need not be recorded.Also, if a witness mumbles, a human court reporter canpause court proceedings to ask the witness to repeat whathe or she said. In some cases, digital recording( 33) makesit necessary for the judge to make additionalannouncements at the beginning of a trial. Increasing useof technology is “a transition from accurate records toadequate records,” says Bob Tate, president of theCertified Court Reporters Association of New Jersey.Despite the apparent benefits of using digitalrecording systems in courtrooms, there is still a need forthe human touch in legal proceedings. At least for theforeseeable future, machines simply cannot replicate theinvaluable clarification skills and adaptability of humancourt reporters.

Court Reporting: Humans v. MachinesCourt reporters for years have been the recordkeepers of the court, taking (23) scrupulous notes during(24) hearings; depositions, and other legal proceedings.Despite the increasing use of digital recordingtechnologies, court reporters still play a vital role incourtrooms. (25 )Although machines can easily makedigital audio recordings of court events, they lack thenuance of human court reporters in providing a preciserecord.[1] Court reporters record the spoken word in realtime, most commonly using the technique ofstenography. [2] A stenotype machine allows a person totype about 200 words per minute (the speed of speech isabout 180 words per minute). [3] The typed words areinstantaneously translated onto a computer screen for thejudge to view, and the transcript is used later by peoplewho want to review the case, such as journalists andlawyers. [4] Digital audio recording is becomingincreasingly popular in courtrooms across the UnitedStates, with six states using solely audio recordings forgeneral jurisdiction sessions. [5] Proponents of goingdigital say that technology is the easiest way to get themost accurate record of the proceedings, as the machinerecords everything faithfully as it occurs and is not(26) subject to human errors such as mishearing ormistyping. [6] However, with the rise of high-qualityrecording technology, reliance on court reporters (27) as arecord keeper is decreasing.( 28)Champions of court reporting, though, argue the(29 )opposite. They argue that with the increased relianceon technology, errors actually increase. Because digitalsystems record (30) indiscriminately; they cannot discernimportant parts of the proceedings from other noises inthe courtroom. (31) Despite this, a digital device doesindeed record everything, but that includes loud noises,such as a book dropping, that can make the actual wordsspoken impossible to hear. A court reporter, however,can distinguish between the words (32 )and distinguishbetween the extrinsic noises that need not be recorded.Also, if a witness mumbles, a human court reporter canpause court proceedings to ask the witness to repeat whathe or she said. In some cases, digital recording( 33) makesit necessary for the judge to make additionalannouncements at the beginning of a trial. Increasing useof technology is “a transition from accurate records toadequate records,” says Bob Tate, president of theCertified Court Reporters Association of New Jersey.Despite the apparent benefits of using digitalrecording systems in courtrooms, there is still a need forthe human touch in legal proceedings. At least for theforeseeable future, machines simply cannot replicate theinvaluable clarification skills and adaptability of humancourt reporters.

Court Reporting: Humans v. MachinesCourt reporters for years have been the recordkeepers of the court, taking (23) scrupulous notes during(24) hearings; depositions, and other legal proceedings.Despite the increasing use of digital recordingtechnologies, court reporters still play a vital role incourtrooms. (25 )Although machines can easily makedigital audio recordings of court events, they lack thenuance of human court reporters in providing a preciserecord.[1] Court reporters record the spoken word in realtime, most commonly using the technique ofstenography. [2] A stenotype machine allows a person totype about 200 words per minute (the speed of speech isabout 180 words per minute). [3] The typed words areinstantaneously translated onto a computer screen for thejudge to view, and the transcript is used later by peoplewho want to review the case, such as journalists andlawyers. [4] Digital audio recording is becomingincreasingly popular in courtrooms across the UnitedStates, with six states using solely audio recordings forgeneral jurisdiction sessions. [5] Proponents of goingdigital say that technology is the easiest way to get themost accurate record of the proceedings, as the machinerecords everything faithfully as it occurs and is not(26) subject to human errors such as mishearing ormistyping. [6] However, with the rise of high-qualityrecording technology, reliance on court reporters (27) as arecord keeper is decreasing.( 28)Champions of court reporting, though, argue the(29 )opposite. They argue that with the increased relianceon technology, errors actually increase. Because digitalsystems record (30) indiscriminately; they cannot discernimportant parts of the proceedings from other noises inthe courtroom. (31) Despite this, a digital device doesindeed record everything, but that includes loud noises,such as a book dropping, that can make the actual wordsspoken impossible to hear. A court reporter, however,can distinguish between the words (32 )and distinguishbetween the extrinsic noises that need not be recorded.Also, if a witness mumbles, a human court reporter canpause court proceedings to ask the witness to repeat whathe or she said. In some cases, digital recording( 33) makesit necessary for the judge to make additionalannouncements at the beginning of a trial. Increasing useof technology is “a transition from accurate records toadequate records,” says Bob Tate, president of theCertified Court Reporters Association of New Jersey.Despite the apparent benefits of using digitalrecording systems in courtrooms, there is still a need forthe human touch in legal proceedings. At least for theforeseeable future, machines simply cannot replicate theinvaluable clarification skills and adaptability of humancourt reporters.

Court Reporting: Humans v. MachinesCourt reporters for years have been the recordkeepers of the court, taking (23) scrupulous notes during(24) hearings; depositions, and other legal proceedings.Despite the increasing use of digital recordingtechnologies, court reporters still play a vital role incourtrooms. (25 )Although machines can easily makedigital audio recordings of court events, they lack thenuance of human court reporters in providing a preciserecord.[1] Court reporters record the spoken word in realtime, most commonly using the technique ofstenography. [2] A stenotype machine allows a person totype about 200 words per minute (the speed of speech isabout 180 words per minute). [3] The typed words areinstantaneously translated onto a computer screen for thejudge to view, and the transcript is used later by peoplewho want to review the case, such as journalists andlawyers. [4] Digital audio recording is becomingincreasingly popular in courtrooms across the UnitedStates, with six states using solely audio recordings forgeneral jurisdiction sessions. [5] Proponents of goingdigital say that technology is the easiest way to get themost accurate record of the proceedings, as the machinerecords everything faithfully as it occurs and is not(26) subject to human errors such as mishearing ormistyping. [6] However, with the rise of high-qualityrecording technology, reliance on court reporters (27) as arecord keeper is decreasing.( 28)Champions of court reporting, though, argue the(29 )opposite. They argue that with the increased relianceon technology, errors actually increase. Because digitalsystems record (30) indiscriminately; they cannot discernimportant parts of the proceedings from other noises inthe courtroom. (31) Despite this, a digital device doesindeed record everything, but that includes loud noises,such as a book dropping, that can make the actual wordsspoken impossible to hear. A court reporter, however,can distinguish between the words (32 )and distinguishbetween the extrinsic noises that need not be recorded.Also, if a witness mumbles, a human court reporter canpause court proceedings to ask the witness to repeat whathe or she said. In some cases, digital recording( 33) makesit necessary for the judge to make additionalannouncements at the beginning of a trial. Increasing useof technology is “a transition from accurate records toadequate records,” says Bob Tate, president of theCertified Court Reporters Association of New Jersey.Despite the apparent benefits of using digitalrecording systems in courtrooms, there is still a need forthe human touch in legal proceedings. At least for theforeseeable future, machines simply cannot replicate theinvaluable clarification skills and adaptability of humancourt reporters.

Fire in SpaceOn Earth, fire provides light, heat, and comfort. Itscreation, by a process called combustion, requires achemical reaction between a fuel source and oxygen. Theshape that fire assumes on Earth is a result ofgravitational influence and the movement of molecules.In the microgravity environment of space, (34 )moreover,combustion and the resulting fire behave infundamentally different ways than they do onEarth—differences that have important implications forresearchers.A group of engineering students from the Universityof California at San Diego (UCSD), for example, (35) triedto find a method to make their biofuel combustion study(fuels derived from once-living material) free of thedrawbacks researchers face on Earth. The standardmethod involves burning droplets of fuel, but Earth’sgravitational influence causes the droplets to losespherical symmetry while burning. This (36) deformationresults in subtle variations in density that both (37) causesuneven heat flow and limits the size of the droplets thatcan be tested. Specially designed “drop towers” (38) builtfor this purpose reduce these problems, but they provideno more than 10 seconds of microgravity, and dropletsize is still too small to produce accurate models ofcombustion rates. (39) The UCSD students understoodthat these limitations had to be surmounted. As part ofthe program, researchers fly their experiments aboardaircraft that simulate the microgravity environment ofspace. The aircraft accomplish this feat by flying inparabolic paths instead of horizontal ones. On the plane’sascent, passengers feel twice Earth’s gravitational pull, butfor brief periods at the peak of the trajectory,(40 )“weightlessness” or microgravity similar to what isexperienced in space, is achieved.These flights allowed the UCSD students toexperience microgravity (41) . Specifically, they(42 )investigated the combustion of biofuel droplets inmicrogravity for twice as long as could be accomplishedin drop towers and to perform tests with larger droplets.The larger, (43) spherically symmetric droplets burnedlonger and gave the students more reliable data oncombustion rates of biofuels because the droplets’uniform shape reduced the variations in density thathinder tests performed in normal gravity. The studentshope the new data will aid future research by improvingtheoretical models of biofuel combustion. Bettercombustion-rate models may even lead to the productionof more fuel-efficient engines and improved(44) techniques, for fighting fires in space or at futureoutposts on the Moon and Mars.

Fire in SpaceOn Earth, fire provides light, heat, and comfort. Itscreation, by a process called combustion, requires achemical reaction between a fuel source and oxygen. Theshape that fire assumes on Earth is a result ofgravitational influence and the movement of molecules.In the microgravity environment of space, (34 )moreover,combustion and the resulting fire behave infundamentally different ways than they do onEarth—differences that have important implications forresearchers.A group of engineering students from the Universityof California at San Diego (UCSD), for example, (35) triedto find a method to make their biofuel combustion study(fuels derived from once-living material) free of thedrawbacks researchers face on Earth. The standardmethod involves burning droplets of fuel, but Earth’sgravitational influence causes the droplets to losespherical symmetry while burning. This (36) deformationresults in subtle variations in density that both (37) causesuneven heat flow and limits the size of the droplets thatcan be tested. Specially designed “drop towers” (38) builtfor this purpose reduce these problems, but they provideno more than 10 seconds of microgravity, and dropletsize is still too small to produce accurate models ofcombustion rates. (39) The UCSD students understoodthat these limitations had to be surmounted. As part ofthe program, researchers fly their experiments aboardaircraft that simulate the microgravity environment ofspace. The aircraft accomplish this feat by flying inparabolic paths instead of horizontal ones. On the plane’sascent, passengers feel twice Earth’s gravitational pull, butfor brief periods at the peak of the trajectory,(40 )“weightlessness” or microgravity similar to what isexperienced in space, is achieved.These flights allowed the UCSD students toexperience microgravity (41) . Specifically, they(42 )investigated the combustion of biofuel droplets inmicrogravity for twice as long as could be accomplishedin drop towers and to perform tests with larger droplets.The larger, (43) spherically symmetric droplets burnedlonger and gave the students more reliable data oncombustion rates of biofuels because the droplets’uniform shape reduced the variations in density thathinder tests performed in normal gravity. The studentshope the new data will aid future research by improvingtheoretical models of biofuel combustion. Bettercombustion-rate models may even lead to the productionof more fuel-efficient engines and improved(44) techniques, for fighting fires in space or at futureoutposts on the Moon and Mars.

Fire in SpaceOn Earth, fire provides light, heat, and comfort. Itscreation, by a process called combustion, requires achemical reaction between a fuel source and oxygen. Theshape that fire assumes on Earth is a result ofgravitational influence and the movement of molecules.In the microgravity environment of space, (34 )moreover,combustion and the resulting fire behave infundamentally different ways than they do onEarth—differences that have important implications forresearchers.A group of engineering students from the Universityof California at San Diego (UCSD), for example, (35) triedto find a method to make their biofuel combustion study(fuels derived from once-living material) free of thedrawbacks researchers face on Earth. The standardmethod involves burning droplets of fuel, but Earth’sgravitational influence causes the droplets to losespherical symmetry while burning. This (36) deformationresults in subtle variations in density that both (37) causesuneven heat flow and limits the size of the droplets thatcan be tested. Specially designed “drop towers” (38) builtfor this purpose reduce these problems, but they provideno more than 10 seconds of microgravity, and dropletsize is still too small to produce accurate models ofcombustion rates. (39) The UCSD students understoodthat these limitations had to be surmounted. As part ofthe program, researchers fly their experiments aboardaircraft that simulate the microgravity environment ofspace. The aircraft accomplish this feat by flying inparabolic paths instead of horizontal ones. On the plane’sascent, passengers feel twice Earth’s gravitational pull, butfor brief periods at the peak of the trajectory,(40 )“weightlessness” or microgravity similar to what isexperienced in space, is achieved.These flights allowed the UCSD students toexperience microgravity (41) . Specifically, they(42 )investigated the combustion of biofuel droplets inmicrogravity for twice as long as could be accomplishedin drop towers and to perform tests with larger droplets.The larger, (43) spherically symmetric droplets burnedlonger and gave the students more reliable data oncombustion rates of biofuels because the droplets’uniform shape reduced the variations in density thathinder tests performed in normal gravity. The studentshope the new data will aid future research by improvingtheoretical models of biofuel combustion. Bettercombustion-rate models may even lead to the productionof more fuel-efficient engines and improved(44) techniques, for fighting fires in space or at futureoutposts on the Moon and Mars.

Fire in SpaceOn Earth, fire provides light, heat, and comfort. Itscreation, by a process called combustion, requires achemical reaction between a fuel source and oxygen. Theshape that fire assumes on Earth is a result ofgravitational influence and the movement of molecules.In the microgravity environment of space, (34 )moreover,combustion and the resulting fire behave infundamentally different ways than they do onEarth—differences that have important implications forresearchers.A group of engineering students from the Universityof California at San Diego (UCSD), for example, (35) triedto find a method to make their biofuel combustion study(fuels derived from once-living material) free of thedrawbacks researchers face on Earth. The standardmethod involves burning droplets of fuel, but Earth’sgravitational influence causes the droplets to losespherical symmetry while burning. This (36) deformationresults in subtle variations in density that both (37) causesuneven heat flow and limits the size of the droplets thatcan be tested. Specially designed “drop towers” (38) builtfor this purpose reduce these problems, but they provideno more than 10 seconds of microgravity, and dropletsize is still too small to produce accurate models ofcombustion rates. (39) The UCSD students understoodthat these limitations had to be surmounted. As part ofthe program, researchers fly their experiments aboardaircraft that simulate the microgravity environment ofspace. The aircraft accomplish this feat by flying inparabolic paths instead of horizontal ones. On the plane’sascent, passengers feel twice Earth’s gravitational pull, butfor brief periods at the peak of the trajectory,(40 )“weightlessness” or microgravity similar to what isexperienced in space, is achieved.These flights allowed the UCSD students toexperience microgravity (41) . Specifically, they(42 )investigated the combustion of biofuel droplets inmicrogravity for twice as long as could be accomplishedin drop towers and to perform tests with larger droplets.The larger, (43) spherically symmetric droplets burnedlonger and gave the students more reliable data oncombustion rates of biofuels because the droplets’uniform shape reduced the variations in density thathinder tests performed in normal gravity. The studentshope the new data will aid future research by improvingtheoretical models of biofuel combustion. Bettercombustion-rate models may even lead to the productionof more fuel-efficient engines and improved(44) techniques, for fighting fires in space or at futureoutposts on the Moon and Mars.

Fire in SpaceOn Earth, fire provides light, heat, and comfort. Itscreation, by a process called combustion, requires achemical reaction between a fuel source and oxygen. Theshape that fire assumes on Earth is a result ofgravitational influence and the movement of molecules.In the microgravity environment of space, (34 )moreover,combustion and the resulting fire behave infundamentally different ways than they do onEarth—differences that have important implications forresearchers.A group of engineering students from the Universityof California at San Diego (UCSD), for example, (35) triedto find a method to make their biofuel combustion study(fuels derived from once-living material) free of thedrawbacks researchers face on Earth. The standardmethod involves burning droplets of fuel, but Earth’sgravitational influence causes the droplets to losespherical symmetry while burning. This (36) deformationresults in subtle variations in density that both (37) causesuneven heat flow and limits the size of the droplets thatcan be tested. Specially designed “drop towers” (38) builtfor this purpose reduce these problems, but they provideno more than 10 seconds of microgravity, and dropletsize is still too small to produce accurate models ofcombustion rates. (39) The UCSD students understoodthat these limitations had to be surmounted. As part ofthe program, researchers fly their experiments aboardaircraft that simulate the microgravity environment ofspace. The aircraft accomplish this feat by flying inparabolic paths instead of horizontal ones. On the plane’sascent, passengers feel twice Earth’s gravitational pull, butfor brief periods at the peak of the trajectory,(40 )“weightlessness” or microgravity similar to what isexperienced in space, is achieved.These flights allowed the UCSD students toexperience microgravity (41) . Specifically, they(42 )investigated the combustion of biofuel droplets inmicrogravity for twice as long as could be accomplishedin drop towers and to perform tests with larger droplets.The larger, (43) spherically symmetric droplets burnedlonger and gave the students more reliable data oncombustion rates of biofuels because the droplets’uniform shape reduced the variations in density thathinder tests performed in normal gravity. The studentshope the new data will aid future research by improvingtheoretical models of biofuel combustion. Bettercombustion-rate models may even lead to the productionof more fuel-efficient engines and improved(44) techniques, for fighting fires in space or at futureoutposts on the Moon and Mars.

Fire in SpaceOn Earth, fire provides light, heat, and comfort. Itscreation, by a process called combustion, requires achemical reaction between a fuel source and oxygen. Theshape that fire assumes on Earth is a result ofgravitational influence and the movement of molecules.In the microgravity environment of space, (34 )moreover,combustion and the resulting fire behave infundamentally different ways than they do onEarth—differences that have important implications forresearchers.A group of engineering students from the Universityof California at San Diego (UCSD), for example, (35) triedto find a method to make their biofuel combustion study(fuels derived from once-living material) free of thedrawbacks researchers face on Earth. The standardmethod involves burning droplets of fuel, but Earth’sgravitational influence causes the droplets to losespherical symmetry while burning. This (36) deformationresults in subtle variations in density that both (37) causesuneven heat flow and limits the size of the droplets thatcan be tested. Specially designed “drop towers” (38) builtfor this purpose reduce these problems, but they provideno more than 10 seconds of microgravity, and dropletsize is still too small to produce accurate models ofcombustion rates. (39) The UCSD students understoodthat these limitations had to be surmounted. As part ofthe program, researchers fly their experiments aboardaircraft that simulate the microgravity environment ofspace. The aircraft accomplish this feat by flying inparabolic paths instead of horizontal ones. On the plane’sascent, passengers feel twice Earth’s gravitational pull, butfor brief periods at the peak of the trajectory,(40 )“weightlessness” or microgravity similar to what isexperienced in space, is achieved.These flights allowed the UCSD students toexperience microgravity (41) . Specifically, they(42 )investigated the combustion of biofuel droplets inmicrogravity for twice as long as could be accomplishedin drop towers and to perform tests with larger droplets.The larger, (43) spherically symmetric droplets burnedlonger and gave the students more reliable data oncombustion rates of biofuels because the droplets’uniform shape reduced the variations in density thathinder tests performed in normal gravity. The studentshope the new data will aid future research by improvingtheoretical models of biofuel combustion. Bettercombustion-rate models may even lead to the productionof more fuel-efficient engines and improved(44) techniques, for fighting fires in space or at futureoutposts on the Moon and Mars.

Fire in SpaceOn Earth, fire provides light, heat, and comfort. Itscreation, by a process called combustion, requires achemical reaction between a fuel source and oxygen. Theshape that fire assumes on Earth is a result ofgravitational influence and the movement of molecules.In the microgravity environment of space, (34 )moreover,combustion and the resulting fire behave infundamentally different ways than they do onEarth—differences that have important implications forresearchers.A group of engineering students from the Universityof California at San Diego (UCSD), for example, (35) triedto find a method to make their biofuel combustion study(fuels derived from once-living material) free of thedrawbacks researchers face on Earth. The standardmethod involves burning droplets of fuel, but Earth’sgravitational influence causes the droplets to losespherical symmetry while burning. This (36) deformationresults in subtle variations in density that both (37) causesuneven heat flow and limits the size of the droplets thatcan be tested. Specially designed “drop towers” (38) builtfor this purpose reduce these problems, but they provideno more than 10 seconds of microgravity, and dropletsize is still too small to produce accurate models ofcombustion rates. (39) The UCSD students understoodthat these limitations had to be surmounted. As part ofthe program, researchers fly their experiments aboardaircraft that simulate the microgravity environment ofspace. The aircraft accomplish this feat by flying inparabolic paths instead of horizontal ones. On the plane’sascent, passengers feel twice Earth’s gravitational pull, butfor brief periods at the peak of the trajectory,(40 )“weightlessness” or microgravity similar to what isexperienced in space, is achieved.These flights allowed the UCSD students toexperience microgravity (41) . Specifically, they(42 )investigated the combustion of biofuel droplets inmicrogravity for twice as long as could be accomplishedin drop towers and to perform tests with larger droplets.The larger, (43) spherically symmetric droplets burnedlonger and gave the students more reliable data oncombustion rates of biofuels because the droplets’uniform shape reduced the variations in density thathinder tests performed in normal gravity. The studentshope the new data will aid future research by improvingtheoretical models of biofuel combustion. Bettercombustion-rate models may even lead to the productionof more fuel-efficient engines and improved(44) techniques, for fighting fires in space or at futureoutposts on the Moon and Mars.

Fire in SpaceOn Earth, fire provides light, heat, and comfort. Itscreation, by a process called combustion, requires achemical reaction between a fuel source and oxygen. Theshape that fire assumes on Earth is a result ofgravitational influence and the movement of molecules.In the microgravity environment of space, (34 )moreover,combustion and the resulting fire behave infundamentally different ways than they do onEarth—differences that have important implications forresearchers.A group of engineering students from the Universityof California at San Diego (UCSD), for example, (35) triedto find a method to make their biofuel combustion study(fuels derived from once-living material) free of thedrawbacks researchers face on Earth. The standardmethod involves burning droplets of fuel, but Earth’sgravitational influence causes the droplets to losespherical symmetry while burning. This (36) deformationresults in subtle variations in density that both (37) causesuneven heat flow and limits the size of the droplets thatcan be tested. Specially designed “drop towers” (38) builtfor this purpose reduce these problems, but they provideno more than 10 seconds of microgravity, and dropletsize is still too small to produce accurate models ofcombustion rates. (39) The UCSD students understoodthat these limitations had to be surmounted. As part ofthe program, researchers fly their experiments aboardaircraft that simulate the microgravity environment ofspace. The aircraft accomplish this feat by flying inparabolic paths instead of horizontal ones. On the plane’sascent, passengers feel twice Earth’s gravitational pull, butfor brief periods at the peak of the trajectory,(40 )“weightlessness” or microgravity similar to what isexperienced in space, is achieved.These flights allowed the UCSD students toexperience microgravity (41) . Specifically, they(42 )investigated the combustion of biofuel droplets inmicrogravity for twice as long as could be accomplishedin drop towers and to perform tests with larger droplets.The larger, (43) spherically symmetric droplets burnedlonger and gave the students more reliable data oncombustion rates of biofuels because the droplets’uniform shape reduced the variations in density thathinder tests performed in normal gravity. The studentshope the new data will aid future research by improvingtheoretical models of biofuel combustion. Bettercombustion-rate models may even lead to the productionof more fuel-efficient engines and improved(44) techniques, for fighting fires in space or at futureoutposts on the Moon and Mars.

Fire in SpaceOn Earth, fire provides light, heat, and comfort. Itscreation, by a process called combustion, requires achemical reaction between a fuel source and oxygen. Theshape that fire assumes on Earth is a result ofgravitational influence and the movement of molecules.In the microgravity environment of space, (34 )moreover,combustion and the resulting fire behave infundamentally different ways than they do onEarth—differences that have important implications forresearchers.A group of engineering students from the Universityof California at San Diego (UCSD), for example, (35) triedto find a method to make their biofuel combustion study(fuels derived from once-living material) free of thedrawbacks researchers face on Earth. The standardmethod involves burning droplets of fuel, but Earth’sgravitational influence causes the droplets to losespherical symmetry while burning. This (36) deformationresults in subtle variations in density that both (37) causesuneven heat flow and limits the size of the droplets thatcan be tested. Specially designed “drop towers” (38) builtfor this purpose reduce these problems, but they provideno more than 10 seconds of microgravity, and dropletsize is still too small to produce accurate models ofcombustion rates. (39) The UCSD students understoodthat these limitations had to be surmounted. As part ofthe program, researchers fly their experiments aboardaircraft that simulate the microgravity environment ofspace. The aircraft accomplish this feat by flying inparabolic paths instead of horizontal ones. On the plane’sascent, passengers feel twice Earth’s gravitational pull, butfor brief periods at the peak of the trajectory,(40 )“weightlessness” or microgravity similar to what isexperienced in space, is achieved.These flights allowed the UCSD students toexperience microgravity (41) . Specifically, they(42 )investigated the combustion of biofuel droplets inmicrogravity for twice as long as could be accomplishedin drop towers and to perform tests with larger droplets.The larger, (43) spherically symmetric droplets burnedlonger and gave the students more reliable data oncombustion rates of biofuels because the droplets’uniform shape reduced the variations in density thathinder tests performed in normal gravity. The studentshope the new data will aid future research by improvingtheoretical models of biofuel combustion. Bettercombustion-rate models may even lead to the productionof more fuel-efficient engines and improved(44) techniques, for fighting fires in space or at futureoutposts on the Moon and Mars.

Fire in SpaceOn Earth, fire provides light, heat, and comfort. Itscreation, by a process called combustion, requires achemical reaction between a fuel source and oxygen. Theshape that fire assumes on Earth is a result ofgravitational influence and the movement of molecules.In the microgravity environment of space, (34 )moreover,combustion and the resulting fire behave infundamentally different ways than they do onEarth—differences that have important implications forresearchers.A group of engineering students from the Universityof California at San Diego (UCSD), for example, (35) triedto find a method to make their biofuel combustion study(fuels derived from once-living material) free of thedrawbacks researchers face on Earth. The standardmethod involves burning droplets of fuel, but Earth’sgravitational influence causes the droplets to losespherical symmetry while burning. This (36) deformationresults in subtle variations in density that both (37) causesuneven heat flow and limits the size of the droplets thatcan be tested. Specially designed “drop towers” (38) builtfor this purpose reduce these problems, but they provideno more than 10 seconds of microgravity, and dropletsize is still too small to produce accurate models ofcombustion rates. (39) The UCSD students understoodthat these limitations had to be surmounted. As part ofthe program, researchers fly their experiments aboardaircraft that simulate the microgravity environment ofspace. The aircraft accomplish this feat by flying inparabolic paths instead of horizontal ones. On the plane’sascent, passengers feel twice Earth’s gravitational pull, butfor brief periods at the peak of the trajectory,(40 )“weightlessness” or microgravity similar to what isexperienced in space, is achieved.These flights allowed the UCSD students toexperience microgravity (41) . Specifically, they(42 )investigated the combustion of biofuel droplets inmicrogravity for twice as long as could be accomplishedin drop towers and to perform tests with larger droplets.The larger, (43) spherically symmetric droplets burnedlonger and gave the students more reliable data oncombustion rates of biofuels because the droplets’uniform shape reduced the variations in density thathinder tests performed in normal gravity. The studentshope the new data will aid future research by improvingtheoretical models of biofuel combustion. Bettercombustion-rate models may even lead to the productionof more fuel-efficient engines and improved(44) techniques, for fighting fires in space or at futureoutposts on the Moon and Mars.

Fire in SpaceOn Earth, fire provides light, heat, and comfort. Itscreation, by a process called combustion, requires achemical reaction between a fuel source and oxygen. Theshape that fire assumes on Earth is a result ofgravitational influence and the movement of molecules.In the microgravity environment of space, (34 )moreover,combustion and the resulting fire behave infundamentally different ways than they do onEarth—differences that have important implications forresearchers.A group of engineering students from the Universityof California at San Diego (UCSD), for example, (35) triedto find a method to make their biofuel combustion study(fuels derived from once-living material) free of thedrawbacks researchers face on Earth. The standardmethod involves burning droplets of fuel, but Earth’sgravitational influence causes the droplets to losespherical symmetry while burning. This (36) deformationresults in subtle variations in density that both (37) causesuneven heat flow and limits the size of the droplets thatcan be tested. Specially designed “drop towers” (38) builtfor this purpose reduce these problems, but they provideno more than 10 seconds of microgravity, and dropletsize is still too small to produce accurate models ofcombustion rates. (39) The UCSD students understoodthat these limitations had to be surmounted. As part ofthe program, researchers fly their experiments aboardaircraft that simulate the microgravity environment ofspace. The aircraft accomplish this feat by flying inparabolic paths instead of horizontal ones. On the plane’sascent, passengers feel twice Earth’s gravitational pull, butfor brief periods at the peak of the trajectory,(40 )“weightlessness” or microgravity similar to what isexperienced in space, is achieved.These flights allowed the UCSD students toexperience microgravity (41) . Specifically, they(42 )investigated the combustion of biofuel droplets inmicrogravity for twice as long as could be accomplishedin drop towers and to perform tests with larger droplets.The larger, (43) spherically symmetric droplets burnedlonger and gave the students more reliable data oncombustion rates of biofuels because the droplets’uniform shape reduced the variations in density thathinder tests performed in normal gravity. The studentshope the new data will aid future research by improvingtheoretical models of biofuel combustion. Bettercombustion-rate models may even lead to the productionof more fuel-efficient engines and improved(44) techniques, for fighting fires in space or at futureoutposts on the Moon and Mars.