SAT Pastpaper with Solutions

The Physician Assistant Will See You Now
(23) The term “paramedics” refers to health care
workers who provide routine and clinical services. While
the pressures of an aging population, insurance reforms,
and health epidemics have increased demand for care, the
supply of physicians is not expected to (24) keep pace.
The Association of American Medical Colleges predicts a
shortage of over 90,000 physicians by 2020; by 2025, that
number could climb to more than 130,000. In some parts
of the country, shortages are already a sad fact of life. A
2009 report by the Bureau of Health Professions notes
that although a fifth of the US population lives in rural
areas, less than a tenth of US physicians serves that
population. Because a traditionalist response to the
crisis— (25) amping up medical-college enrollments and
expanding physician training programs—is too slow and
costly to address the near-term problem, alternatives are
being explored. One promising avenue has been greater
reliance on physician assistants (PAs).(26) By virtue of (27) there medical training, PAs can
perform many of the jobs traditionally done by doctors,
including treating chronic and acute conditions,
performing minor (28) surgeries: and prescribing some
medications. However, although well (29) compensated
earning in 2012 a median annual salary of $90,930, PAs
cost health care providers less than do the physicians whomight otherwise undertake these tasks. Moreover, the
training period for PAs is markedly shorter than
(30) those for physicians—two to three years versus the
seven to eleven required for physicians.
Physician assistants already offer vital primary care
in many locations. Some 90,000 PAs were employed
nationwide in 2012. Over and above their value in
partially compensating for the general physician shortage
has been their extraordinary contribution to rural health
care. A recent review of the scholarly literature by
Texas researchers found that PAs lend cost-efficient,
widely appreciated services in underserved areas.
(31) In addition, rural-based PAs often provide a broader
spectrum of such services than do their urban and
suburban counterparts, possibly as a consequence of the
limited pool of rural-based physicians
Increasingly, PAs and other such medical
practitioners have become a critical complement to
physicians. A 2013 RAND Corporation report estimates
that while the number of primary care physicians will
increase slowly from 2010 to 2025, the number of
physician assistants and nurse-practitioners in primary
care will grow at much faster rates. (32) Both by merit and
from necessity, PAs are likely to greet more (33) patience
than ever before

The Physician Assistant Will See You Now
(23) The term “paramedics” refers to health care
workers who provide routine and clinical services. While
the pressures of an aging population, insurance reforms,
and health epidemics have increased demand for care, the
supply of physicians is not expected to (24) keep pace.
The Association of American Medical Colleges predicts a
shortage of over 90,000 physicians by 2020; by 2025, that
number could climb to more than 130,000. In some parts
of the country, shortages are already a sad fact of life. A
2009 report by the Bureau of Health Professions notes
that although a fifth of the US population lives in rural
areas, less than a tenth of US physicians serves that
population. Because a traditionalist response to the
crisis— (25) amping up medical-college enrollments and
expanding physician training programs—is too slow and
costly to address the near-term problem, alternatives are
being explored. One promising avenue has been greater
reliance on physician assistants (PAs).(26) By virtue of (27) there medical training, PAs can
perform many of the jobs traditionally done by doctors,
including treating chronic and acute conditions,
performing minor (28) surgeries: and prescribing some
medications. However, although well (29) compensated
earning in 2012 a median annual salary of $90,930, PAs
cost health care providers less than do the physicians whomight otherwise undertake these tasks. Moreover, the
training period for PAs is markedly shorter than
(30) those for physicians—two to three years versus the
seven to eleven required for physicians.
Physician assistants already offer vital primary care
in many locations. Some 90,000 PAs were employed
nationwide in 2012. Over and above their value in
partially compensating for the general physician shortage
has been their extraordinary contribution to rural health
care. A recent review of the scholarly literature by
Texas researchers found that PAs lend cost-efficient,
widely appreciated services in underserved areas.
(31) In addition, rural-based PAs often provide a broader
spectrum of such services than do their urban and
suburban counterparts, possibly as a consequence of the
limited pool of rural-based physicians
Increasingly, PAs and other such medical
practitioners have become a critical complement to
physicians. A 2013 RAND Corporation report estimates
that while the number of primary care physicians will
increase slowly from 2010 to 2025, the number of
physician assistants and nurse-practitioners in primary
care will grow at much faster rates. (32) Both by merit and
from necessity, PAs are likely to greet more (33) patience
than ever before

The Physician Assistant Will See You Now
(23) The term “paramedics” refers to health care
workers who provide routine and clinical services. While
the pressures of an aging population, insurance reforms,
and health epidemics have increased demand for care, the
supply of physicians is not expected to (24) keep pace.
The Association of American Medical Colleges predicts a
shortage of over 90,000 physicians by 2020; by 2025, that
number could climb to more than 130,000. In some parts
of the country, shortages are already a sad fact of life. A
2009 report by the Bureau of Health Professions notes
that although a fifth of the US population lives in rural
areas, less than a tenth of US physicians serves that
population. Because a traditionalist response to the
crisis— (25) amping up medical-college enrollments and
expanding physician training programs—is too slow and
costly to address the near-term problem, alternatives are
being explored. One promising avenue has been greater
reliance on physician assistants (PAs).(26) By virtue of (27) there medical training, PAs can
perform many of the jobs traditionally done by doctors,
including treating chronic and acute conditions,
performing minor (28) surgeries: and prescribing some
medications. However, although well (29) compensated
earning in 2012 a median annual salary of $90,930, PAs
cost health care providers less than do the physicians whomight otherwise undertake these tasks. Moreover, the
training period for PAs is markedly shorter than
(30) those for physicians—two to three years versus the
seven to eleven required for physicians.
Physician assistants already offer vital primary care
in many locations. Some 90,000 PAs were employed
nationwide in 2012. Over and above their value in
partially compensating for the general physician shortage
has been their extraordinary contribution to rural health
care. A recent review of the scholarly literature by
Texas researchers found that PAs lend cost-efficient,
widely appreciated services in underserved areas.
(31) In addition, rural-based PAs often provide a broader
spectrum of such services than do their urban and
suburban counterparts, possibly as a consequence of the
limited pool of rural-based physicians
Increasingly, PAs and other such medical
practitioners have become a critical complement to
physicians. A 2013 RAND Corporation report estimates
that while the number of primary care physicians will
increase slowly from 2010 to 2025, the number of
physician assistants and nurse-practitioners in primary
care will grow at much faster rates. (32) Both by merit and
from necessity, PAs are likely to greet more (33) patience
than ever before

The Physician Assistant Will See You Now
(23) The term “paramedics” refers to health care
workers who provide routine and clinical services. While
the pressures of an aging population, insurance reforms,
and health epidemics have increased demand for care, the
supply of physicians is not expected to (24) keep pace.
The Association of American Medical Colleges predicts a
shortage of over 90,000 physicians by 2020; by 2025, that
number could climb to more than 130,000. In some parts
of the country, shortages are already a sad fact of life. A
2009 report by the Bureau of Health Professions notes
that although a fifth of the US population lives in rural
areas, less than a tenth of US physicians serves that
population. Because a traditionalist response to the
crisis— (25) amping up medical-college enrollments and
expanding physician training programs—is too slow and
costly to address the near-term problem, alternatives are
being explored. One promising avenue has been greater
reliance on physician assistants (PAs).(26) By virtue of (27) there medical training, PAs can
perform many of the jobs traditionally done by doctors,
including treating chronic and acute conditions,
performing minor (28) surgeries: and prescribing some
medications. However, although well (29) compensated
earning in 2012 a median annual salary of $90,930, PAs
cost health care providers less than do the physicians whomight otherwise undertake these tasks. Moreover, the
training period for PAs is markedly shorter than
(30) those for physicians—two to three years versus the
seven to eleven required for physicians.
Physician assistants already offer vital primary care
in many locations. Some 90,000 PAs were employed
nationwide in 2012. Over and above their value in
partially compensating for the general physician shortage
has been their extraordinary contribution to rural health
care. A recent review of the scholarly literature by
Texas researchers found that PAs lend cost-efficient,
widely appreciated services in underserved areas.
(31) In addition, rural-based PAs often provide a broader
spectrum of such services than do their urban and
suburban counterparts, possibly as a consequence of the
limited pool of rural-based physicians
Increasingly, PAs and other such medical
practitioners have become a critical complement to
physicians. A 2013 RAND Corporation report estimates
that while the number of primary care physicians will
increase slowly from 2010 to 2025, the number of
physician assistants and nurse-practitioners in primary
care will grow at much faster rates. (32) Both by merit and
from necessity, PAs are likely to greet more (33) patience
than ever before

The Physician Assistant Will See You Now
(23) The term “paramedics” refers to health care
workers who provide routine and clinical services. While
the pressures of an aging population, insurance reforms,
and health epidemics have increased demand for care, the
supply of physicians is not expected to (24) keep pace.
The Association of American Medical Colleges predicts a
shortage of over 90,000 physicians by 2020; by 2025, that
number could climb to more than 130,000. In some parts
of the country, shortages are already a sad fact of life. A
2009 report by the Bureau of Health Professions notes
that although a fifth of the US population lives in rural
areas, less than a tenth of US physicians serves that
population. Because a traditionalist response to the
crisis— (25) amping up medical-college enrollments and
expanding physician training programs—is too slow and
costly to address the near-term problem, alternatives are
being explored. One promising avenue has been greater
reliance on physician assistants (PAs).(26) By virtue of (27) there medical training, PAs can
perform many of the jobs traditionally done by doctors,
including treating chronic and acute conditions,
performing minor (28) surgeries: and prescribing some
medications. However, although well (29) compensated
earning in 2012 a median annual salary of $90,930, PAs
cost health care providers less than do the physicians whomight otherwise undertake these tasks. Moreover, the
training period for PAs is markedly shorter than
(30) those for physicians—two to three years versus the
seven to eleven required for physicians.
Physician assistants already offer vital primary care
in many locations. Some 90,000 PAs were employed
nationwide in 2012. Over and above their value in
partially compensating for the general physician shortage
has been their extraordinary contribution to rural health
care. A recent review of the scholarly literature by
Texas researchers found that PAs lend cost-efficient,
widely appreciated services in underserved areas.
(31) In addition, rural-based PAs often provide a broader
spectrum of such services than do their urban and
suburban counterparts, possibly as a consequence of the
limited pool of rural-based physicians
Increasingly, PAs and other such medical
practitioners have become a critical complement to
physicians. A 2013 RAND Corporation report estimates
that while the number of primary care physicians will
increase slowly from 2010 to 2025, the number of
physician assistants and nurse-practitioners in primary
care will grow at much faster rates. (32) Both by merit and
from necessity, PAs are likely to greet more (33) patience
than ever before

The Physician Assistant Will See You Now
(23) The term “paramedics” refers to health care
workers who provide routine and clinical services. While
the pressures of an aging population, insurance reforms,
and health epidemics have increased demand for care, the
supply of physicians is not expected to (24) keep pace.
The Association of American Medical Colleges predicts a
shortage of over 90,000 physicians by 2020; by 2025, that
number could climb to more than 130,000. In some parts
of the country, shortages are already a sad fact of life. A
2009 report by the Bureau of Health Professions notes
that although a fifth of the US population lives in rural
areas, less than a tenth of US physicians serves that
population. Because a traditionalist response to the
crisis— (25) amping up medical-college enrollments and
expanding physician training programs—is too slow and
costly to address the near-term problem, alternatives are
being explored. One promising avenue has been greater
reliance on physician assistants (PAs).(26) By virtue of (27) there medical training, PAs can
perform many of the jobs traditionally done by doctors,
including treating chronic and acute conditions,
performing minor (28) surgeries: and prescribing some
medications. However, although well (29) compensated
earning in 2012 a median annual salary of $90,930, PAs
cost health care providers less than do the physicians whomight otherwise undertake these tasks. Moreover, the
training period for PAs is markedly shorter than
(30) those for physicians—two to three years versus the
seven to eleven required for physicians.
Physician assistants already offer vital primary care
in many locations. Some 90,000 PAs were employed
nationwide in 2012. Over and above their value in
partially compensating for the general physician shortage
has been their extraordinary contribution to rural health
care. A recent review of the scholarly literature by
Texas researchers found that PAs lend cost-efficient,
widely appreciated services in underserved areas.
(31) In addition, rural-based PAs often provide a broader
spectrum of such services than do their urban and
suburban counterparts, possibly as a consequence of the
limited pool of rural-based physicians
Increasingly, PAs and other such medical
practitioners have become a critical complement to
physicians. A 2013 RAND Corporation report estimates
that while the number of primary care physicians will
increase slowly from 2010 to 2025, the number of
physician assistants and nurse-practitioners in primary
care will grow at much faster rates. (32) Both by merit and
from necessity, PAs are likely to greet more (33) patience
than ever before

The Physician Assistant Will See You Now
(23) The term “paramedics” refers to health care
workers who provide routine and clinical services. While
the pressures of an aging population, insurance reforms,
and health epidemics have increased demand for care, the
supply of physicians is not expected to (24) keep pace.
The Association of American Medical Colleges predicts a
shortage of over 90,000 physicians by 2020; by 2025, that
number could climb to more than 130,000. In some parts
of the country, shortages are already a sad fact of life. A
2009 report by the Bureau of Health Professions notes
that although a fifth of the US population lives in rural
areas, less than a tenth of US physicians serves that
population. Because a traditionalist response to the
crisis— (25) amping up medical-college enrollments and
expanding physician training programs—is too slow and
costly to address the near-term problem, alternatives are
being explored. One promising avenue has been greater
reliance on physician assistants (PAs).(26) By virtue of (27) there medical training, PAs can
perform many of the jobs traditionally done by doctors,
including treating chronic and acute conditions,
performing minor (28) surgeries: and prescribing some
medications. However, although well (29) compensated
earning in 2012 a median annual salary of $90,930, PAs
cost health care providers less than do the physicians whomight otherwise undertake these tasks. Moreover, the
training period for PAs is markedly shorter than
(30) those for physicians—two to three years versus the
seven to eleven required for physicians.
Physician assistants already offer vital primary care
in many locations. Some 90,000 PAs were employed
nationwide in 2012. Over and above their value in
partially compensating for the general physician shortage
has been their extraordinary contribution to rural health
care. A recent review of the scholarly literature by
Texas researchers found that PAs lend cost-efficient,
widely appreciated services in underserved areas.
(31) In addition, rural-based PAs often provide a broader
spectrum of such services than do their urban and
suburban counterparts, possibly as a consequence of the
limited pool of rural-based physicians
Increasingly, PAs and other such medical
practitioners have become a critical complement to
physicians. A 2013 RAND Corporation report estimates
that while the number of primary care physicians will
increase slowly from 2010 to 2025, the number of
physician assistants and nurse-practitioners in primary
care will grow at much faster rates. (32) Both by merit and
from necessity, PAs are likely to greet more (33) patience
than ever before

The Physician Assistant Will See You Now
(23) The term “paramedics” refers to health care
workers who provide routine and clinical services. While
the pressures of an aging population, insurance reforms,
and health epidemics have increased demand for care, the
supply of physicians is not expected to (24) keep pace.
The Association of American Medical Colleges predicts a
shortage of over 90,000 physicians by 2020; by 2025, that
number could climb to more than 130,000. In some parts
of the country, shortages are already a sad fact of life. A
2009 report by the Bureau of Health Professions notes
that although a fifth of the US population lives in rural
areas, less than a tenth of US physicians serves that
population. Because a traditionalist response to the
crisis— (25) amping up medical-college enrollments and
expanding physician training programs—is too slow and
costly to address the near-term problem, alternatives are
being explored. One promising avenue has been greater
reliance on physician assistants (PAs).(26) By virtue of (27) there medical training, PAs can
perform many of the jobs traditionally done by doctors,
including treating chronic and acute conditions,
performing minor (28) surgeries: and prescribing some
medications. However, although well (29) compensated
earning in 2012 a median annual salary of $90,930, PAs
cost health care providers less than do the physicians whomight otherwise undertake these tasks. Moreover, the
training period for PAs is markedly shorter than
(30) those for physicians—two to three years versus the
seven to eleven required for physicians.
Physician assistants already offer vital primary care
in many locations. Some 90,000 PAs were employed
nationwide in 2012. Over and above their value in
partially compensating for the general physician shortage
has been their extraordinary contribution to rural health
care. A recent review of the scholarly literature by
Texas researchers found that PAs lend cost-efficient,
widely appreciated services in underserved areas.
(31) In addition, rural-based PAs often provide a broader
spectrum of such services than do their urban and
suburban counterparts, possibly as a consequence of the
limited pool of rural-based physicians
Increasingly, PAs and other such medical
practitioners have become a critical complement to
physicians. A 2013 RAND Corporation report estimates
that while the number of primary care physicians will
increase slowly from 2010 to 2025, the number of
physician assistants and nurse-practitioners in primary
care will grow at much faster rates. (32) Both by merit and
from necessity, PAs are likely to greet more (33) patience
than ever before

The Physician Assistant Will See You Now
(23) The term “paramedics” refers to health care
workers who provide routine and clinical services. While
the pressures of an aging population, insurance reforms,
and health epidemics have increased demand for care, the
supply of physicians is not expected to (24) keep pace.
The Association of American Medical Colleges predicts a
shortage of over 90,000 physicians by 2020; by 2025, that
number could climb to more than 130,000. In some parts
of the country, shortages are already a sad fact of life. A
2009 report by the Bureau of Health Professions notes
that although a fifth of the US population lives in rural
areas, less than a tenth of US physicians serves that
population. Because a traditionalist response to the
crisis— (25) amping up medical-college enrollments and
expanding physician training programs—is too slow and
costly to address the near-term problem, alternatives are
being explored. One promising avenue has been greater
reliance on physician assistants (PAs).(26) By virtue of (27) there medical training, PAs can
perform many of the jobs traditionally done by doctors,
including treating chronic and acute conditions,
performing minor (28) surgeries: and prescribing some
medications. However, although well (29) compensated
earning in 2012 a median annual salary of $90,930, PAs
cost health care providers less than do the physicians whomight otherwise undertake these tasks. Moreover, the
training period for PAs is markedly shorter than
(30) those for physicians—two to three years versus the
seven to eleven required for physicians.
Physician assistants already offer vital primary care
in many locations. Some 90,000 PAs were employed
nationwide in 2012. Over and above their value in
partially compensating for the general physician shortage
has been their extraordinary contribution to rural health
care. A recent review of the scholarly literature by
Texas researchers found that PAs lend cost-efficient,
widely appreciated services in underserved areas.
(31) In addition, rural-based PAs often provide a broader
spectrum of such services than do their urban and
suburban counterparts, possibly as a consequence of the
limited pool of rural-based physicians
Increasingly, PAs and other such medical
practitioners have become a critical complement to
physicians. A 2013 RAND Corporation report estimates
that while the number of primary care physicians will
increase slowly from 2010 to 2025, the number of
physician assistants and nurse-practitioners in primary
care will grow at much faster rates. (32) Both by merit and
from necessity, PAs are likely to greet more (33) patience
than ever before

The Physician Assistant Will See You Now
(23) The term “paramedics” refers to health care
workers who provide routine and clinical services. While
the pressures of an aging population, insurance reforms,
and health epidemics have increased demand for care, the
supply of physicians is not expected to (24) keep pace.
The Association of American Medical Colleges predicts a
shortage of over 90,000 physicians by 2020; by 2025, that
number could climb to more than 130,000. In some parts
of the country, shortages are already a sad fact of life. A
2009 report by the Bureau of Health Professions notes
that although a fifth of the US population lives in rural
areas, less than a tenth of US physicians serves that
population. Because a traditionalist response to the
crisis— (25) amping up medical-college enrollments and
expanding physician training programs—is too slow and
costly to address the near-term problem, alternatives are
being explored. One promising avenue has been greater
reliance on physician assistants (PAs).(26) By virtue of (27) there medical training, PAs can
perform many of the jobs traditionally done by doctors,
including treating chronic and acute conditions,
performing minor (28) surgeries: and prescribing some
medications. However, although well (29) compensated
earning in 2012 a median annual salary of $90,930, PAs
cost health care providers less than do the physicians whomight otherwise undertake these tasks. Moreover, the
training period for PAs is markedly shorter than
(30) those for physicians—two to three years versus the
seven to eleven required for physicians.
Physician assistants already offer vital primary care
in many locations. Some 90,000 PAs were employed
nationwide in 2012. Over and above their value in
partially compensating for the general physician shortage
has been their extraordinary contribution to rural health
care. A recent review of the scholarly literature by
Texas researchers found that PAs lend cost-efficient,
widely appreciated services in underserved areas.
(31) In addition, rural-based PAs often provide a broader
spectrum of such services than do their urban and
suburban counterparts, possibly as a consequence of the
limited pool of rural-based physicians
Increasingly, PAs and other such medical
practitioners have become a critical complement to
physicians. A 2013 RAND Corporation report estimates
that while the number of primary care physicians will
increase slowly from 2010 to 2025, the number of
physician assistants and nurse-practitioners in primary
care will grow at much faster rates. (32) Both by merit and
from necessity, PAs are likely to greet more (33) patience
than ever before

Gold into Silver: The “Reverse Alchemy” of Superhero
Comics History
(34)Popular film franchises are often “rebooted” in
an effort to make their characters and stories fresh and
relevant for new audiences. Superhero comic books are
periodically reworked to try to increase their appeal to
contemporary readers. This practice is almost as
(35) elderly as the medium itself and has in large part
established the “ages” that compose comic book history.
The shift from the Golden to the Silver Age is probably
the most successful (36) example: of publishers
responding to changing times and tastes.
The start of the first (“Golden”) age of comic books is
often dated to 1938 with the debut of Superman in Action
Comics #1. Besides beginning the age, Superman in many
respects defined it, becoming the model on which many
later superheroes were based. His characterization, as
established in Superman #1 (1939), was relatively simple.
He could “hurdle skyscrapers” and “leap an eighth of a
mile”; “run faster than a streamline train”; withstand
anything less than a “bursting shell”; and (37) lift a car
over his head. Sent to Earth from the “doomed planet”
Krypton, he was raised by human foster parents, whose
love helped infuse him with an unapologetic desire to
“benefit mankind.” Admirable but aloof, the Golden Age
Superman was arguably more paragon than character, a
problem only partially solved by giving him a human
alter ego. Other Golden Age superheroes were similarly
archetypal: Batman was a crime-fighting millionaire,
Wonder Woman a warrior princess from a mythical
island.

By contrast, the second (“Silver”) age of comics was
marked by characters that, though somewhat simplistic
by today’s standards, (38) were provided with origin
stories often involving scientific experiments gone wrong.
In addition to super villains, the new, soon-to-be-iconic
characters of the (39) age: Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four,
and the Hulk among them—had to cope with mundane,
real-life problems, including paying the rent, dealing with
family squabbles, and facing anger, loneliness, and
ostracism. Their interior lives were richer and their
motivations more complex. Although sales remained
strong for Golden Age stalwarts Superman and, to a
lesser extent, Batman, (40) subsequent decades would
show the enduring appeal of these characters
More transformations would take place in the
medium as the Silver Age gave way to the Bronze and
Modern (and possibly Postmodern) Ages. Such efforts
(41) have yielded diminishing returns, as even the
complete relaunch of DC (42) Comics’ superhero’s, line in
2011 has failed to arrest the steep two-decade decline of
comic book sales. For both commercial and, arguably,
creative reasons, (43) then, no transition was more
successful than (44) those from the Golden to Silver Age.

Gold into Silver: The “Reverse Alchemy” of Superhero
Comics History
(34)Popular film franchises are often “rebooted” in
an effort to make their characters and stories fresh and
relevant for new audiences. Superhero comic books are
periodically reworked to try to increase their appeal to
contemporary readers. This practice is almost as
(35) elderly as the medium itself and has in large part
established the “ages” that compose comic book history.
The shift from the Golden to the Silver Age is probably
the most successful (36) example: of publishers
responding to changing times and tastes.
The start of the first (“Golden”) age of comic books is
often dated to 1938 with the debut of Superman in Action
Comics #1. Besides beginning the age, Superman in many
respects defined it, becoming the model on which many
later superheroes were based. His characterization, as
established in Superman #1 (1939), was relatively simple.
He could “hurdle skyscrapers” and “leap an eighth of a
mile”; “run faster than a streamline train”; withstand
anything less than a “bursting shell”; and (37) lift a car
over his head. Sent to Earth from the “doomed planet”
Krypton, he was raised by human foster parents, whose
love helped infuse him with an unapologetic desire to
“benefit mankind.” Admirable but aloof, the Golden Age
Superman was arguably more paragon than character, a
problem only partially solved by giving him a human
alter ego. Other Golden Age superheroes were similarly
archetypal: Batman was a crime-fighting millionaire,
Wonder Woman a warrior princess from a mythical
island.

By contrast, the second (“Silver”) age of comics was
marked by characters that, though somewhat simplistic
by today’s standards, (38) were provided with origin
stories often involving scientific experiments gone wrong.
In addition to super villains, the new, soon-to-be-iconic
characters of the (39) age: Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four,
and the Hulk among them—had to cope with mundane,
real-life problems, including paying the rent, dealing with
family squabbles, and facing anger, loneliness, and
ostracism. Their interior lives were richer and their
motivations more complex. Although sales remained
strong for Golden Age stalwarts Superman and, to a
lesser extent, Batman, (40) subsequent decades would
show the enduring appeal of these characters
More transformations would take place in the
medium as the Silver Age gave way to the Bronze and
Modern (and possibly Postmodern) Ages. Such efforts
(41) have yielded diminishing returns, as even the
complete relaunch of DC (42) Comics’ superhero’s, line in
2011 has failed to arrest the steep two-decade decline of
comic book sales. For both commercial and, arguably,
creative reasons, (43) then, no transition was more
successful than (44) those from the Golden to Silver Age.

Gold into Silver: The “Reverse Alchemy” of Superhero
Comics History
(34)Popular film franchises are often “rebooted” in
an effort to make their characters and stories fresh and
relevant for new audiences. Superhero comic books are
periodically reworked to try to increase their appeal to
contemporary readers. This practice is almost as
(35) elderly as the medium itself and has in large part
established the “ages” that compose comic book history.
The shift from the Golden to the Silver Age is probably
the most successful (36) example: of publishers
responding to changing times and tastes.
The start of the first (“Golden”) age of comic books is
often dated to 1938 with the debut of Superman in Action
Comics #1. Besides beginning the age, Superman in many
respects defined it, becoming the model on which many
later superheroes were based. His characterization, as
established in Superman #1 (1939), was relatively simple.
He could “hurdle skyscrapers” and “leap an eighth of a
mile”; “run faster than a streamline train”; withstand
anything less than a “bursting shell”; and (37) lift a car
over his head. Sent to Earth from the “doomed planet”
Krypton, he was raised by human foster parents, whose
love helped infuse him with an unapologetic desire to
“benefit mankind.” Admirable but aloof, the Golden Age
Superman was arguably more paragon than character, a
problem only partially solved by giving him a human
alter ego. Other Golden Age superheroes were similarly
archetypal: Batman was a crime-fighting millionaire,
Wonder Woman a warrior princess from a mythical
island.

By contrast, the second (“Silver”) age of comics was
marked by characters that, though somewhat simplistic
by today’s standards, (38) were provided with origin
stories often involving scientific experiments gone wrong.
In addition to super villains, the new, soon-to-be-iconic
characters of the (39) age: Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four,
and the Hulk among them—had to cope with mundane,
real-life problems, including paying the rent, dealing with
family squabbles, and facing anger, loneliness, and
ostracism. Their interior lives were richer and their
motivations more complex. Although sales remained
strong for Golden Age stalwarts Superman and, to a
lesser extent, Batman, (40) subsequent decades would
show the enduring appeal of these characters
More transformations would take place in the
medium as the Silver Age gave way to the Bronze and
Modern (and possibly Postmodern) Ages. Such efforts
(41) have yielded diminishing returns, as even the
complete relaunch of DC (42) Comics’ superhero’s, line in
2011 has failed to arrest the steep two-decade decline of
comic book sales. For both commercial and, arguably,
creative reasons, (43) then, no transition was more
successful than (44) those from the Golden to Silver Age.

Gold into Silver: The “Reverse Alchemy” of Superhero
Comics History
(34)Popular film franchises are often “rebooted” in
an effort to make their characters and stories fresh and
relevant for new audiences. Superhero comic books are
periodically reworked to try to increase their appeal to
contemporary readers. This practice is almost as
(35) elderly as the medium itself and has in large part
established the “ages” that compose comic book history.
The shift from the Golden to the Silver Age is probably
the most successful (36) example: of publishers
responding to changing times and tastes.
The start of the first (“Golden”) age of comic books is
often dated to 1938 with the debut of Superman in Action
Comics #1. Besides beginning the age, Superman in many
respects defined it, becoming the model on which many
later superheroes were based. His characterization, as
established in Superman #1 (1939), was relatively simple.
He could “hurdle skyscrapers” and “leap an eighth of a
mile”; “run faster than a streamline train”; withstand
anything less than a “bursting shell”; and (37) lift a car
over his head. Sent to Earth from the “doomed planet”
Krypton, he was raised by human foster parents, whose
love helped infuse him with an unapologetic desire to
“benefit mankind.” Admirable but aloof, the Golden Age
Superman was arguably more paragon than character, a
problem only partially solved by giving him a human
alter ego. Other Golden Age superheroes were similarly
archetypal: Batman was a crime-fighting millionaire,
Wonder Woman a warrior princess from a mythical
island.

By contrast, the second (“Silver”) age of comics was
marked by characters that, though somewhat simplistic
by today’s standards, (38) were provided with origin
stories often involving scientific experiments gone wrong.
In addition to super villains, the new, soon-to-be-iconic
characters of the (39) age: Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four,
and the Hulk among them—had to cope with mundane,
real-life problems, including paying the rent, dealing with
family squabbles, and facing anger, loneliness, and
ostracism. Their interior lives were richer and their
motivations more complex. Although sales remained
strong for Golden Age stalwarts Superman and, to a
lesser extent, Batman, (40) subsequent decades would
show the enduring appeal of these characters
More transformations would take place in the
medium as the Silver Age gave way to the Bronze and
Modern (and possibly Postmodern) Ages. Such efforts
(41) have yielded diminishing returns, as even the
complete relaunch of DC (42) Comics’ superhero’s, line in
2011 has failed to arrest the steep two-decade decline of
comic book sales. For both commercial and, arguably,
creative reasons, (43) then, no transition was more
successful than (44) those from the Golden to Silver Age.

Gold into Silver: The “Reverse Alchemy” of Superhero
Comics History
(34)Popular film franchises are often “rebooted” in
an effort to make their characters and stories fresh and
relevant for new audiences. Superhero comic books are
periodically reworked to try to increase their appeal to
contemporary readers. This practice is almost as
(35) elderly as the medium itself and has in large part
established the “ages” that compose comic book history.
The shift from the Golden to the Silver Age is probably
the most successful (36) example: of publishers
responding to changing times and tastes.
The start of the first (“Golden”) age of comic books is
often dated to 1938 with the debut of Superman in Action
Comics #1. Besides beginning the age, Superman in many
respects defined it, becoming the model on which many
later superheroes were based. His characterization, as
established in Superman #1 (1939), was relatively simple.
He could “hurdle skyscrapers” and “leap an eighth of a
mile”; “run faster than a streamline train”; withstand
anything less than a “bursting shell”; and (37) lift a car
over his head. Sent to Earth from the “doomed planet”
Krypton, he was raised by human foster parents, whose
love helped infuse him with an unapologetic desire to
“benefit mankind.” Admirable but aloof, the Golden Age
Superman was arguably more paragon than character, a
problem only partially solved by giving him a human
alter ego. Other Golden Age superheroes were similarly
archetypal: Batman was a crime-fighting millionaire,
Wonder Woman a warrior princess from a mythical
island.

By contrast, the second (“Silver”) age of comics was
marked by characters that, though somewhat simplistic
by today’s standards, (38) were provided with origin
stories often involving scientific experiments gone wrong.
In addition to super villains, the new, soon-to-be-iconic
characters of the (39) age: Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four,
and the Hulk among them—had to cope with mundane,
real-life problems, including paying the rent, dealing with
family squabbles, and facing anger, loneliness, and
ostracism. Their interior lives were richer and their
motivations more complex. Although sales remained
strong for Golden Age stalwarts Superman and, to a
lesser extent, Batman, (40) subsequent decades would
show the enduring appeal of these characters
More transformations would take place in the
medium as the Silver Age gave way to the Bronze and
Modern (and possibly Postmodern) Ages. Such efforts
(41) have yielded diminishing returns, as even the
complete relaunch of DC (42) Comics’ superhero’s, line in
2011 has failed to arrest the steep two-decade decline of
comic book sales. For both commercial and, arguably,
creative reasons, (43) then, no transition was more
successful than (44) those from the Golden to Silver Age.

Gold into Silver: The “Reverse Alchemy” of Superhero
Comics History
(34)Popular film franchises are often “rebooted” in
an effort to make their characters and stories fresh and
relevant for new audiences. Superhero comic books are
periodically reworked to try to increase their appeal to
contemporary readers. This practice is almost as
(35) elderly as the medium itself and has in large part
established the “ages” that compose comic book history.
The shift from the Golden to the Silver Age is probably
the most successful (36) example: of publishers
responding to changing times and tastes.
The start of the first (“Golden”) age of comic books is
often dated to 1938 with the debut of Superman in Action
Comics #1. Besides beginning the age, Superman in many
respects defined it, becoming the model on which many
later superheroes were based. His characterization, as
established in Superman #1 (1939), was relatively simple.
He could “hurdle skyscrapers” and “leap an eighth of a
mile”; “run faster than a streamline train”; withstand
anything less than a “bursting shell”; and (37) lift a car
over his head. Sent to Earth from the “doomed planet”
Krypton, he was raised by human foster parents, whose
love helped infuse him with an unapologetic desire to
“benefit mankind.” Admirable but aloof, the Golden Age
Superman was arguably more paragon than character, a
problem only partially solved by giving him a human
alter ego. Other Golden Age superheroes were similarly
archetypal: Batman was a crime-fighting millionaire,
Wonder Woman a warrior princess from a mythical
island.

By contrast, the second (“Silver”) age of comics was
marked by characters that, though somewhat simplistic
by today’s standards, (38) were provided with origin
stories often involving scientific experiments gone wrong.
In addition to super villains, the new, soon-to-be-iconic
characters of the (39) age: Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four,
and the Hulk among them—had to cope with mundane,
real-life problems, including paying the rent, dealing with
family squabbles, and facing anger, loneliness, and
ostracism. Their interior lives were richer and their
motivations more complex. Although sales remained
strong for Golden Age stalwarts Superman and, to a
lesser extent, Batman, (40) subsequent decades would
show the enduring appeal of these characters
More transformations would take place in the
medium as the Silver Age gave way to the Bronze and
Modern (and possibly Postmodern) Ages. Such efforts
(41) have yielded diminishing returns, as even the
complete relaunch of DC (42) Comics’ superhero’s, line in
2011 has failed to arrest the steep two-decade decline of
comic book sales. For both commercial and, arguably,
creative reasons, (43) then, no transition was more
successful than (44) those from the Golden to Silver Age.

Gold into Silver: The “Reverse Alchemy” of Superhero
Comics History
(34)Popular film franchises are often “rebooted” in
an effort to make their characters and stories fresh and
relevant for new audiences. Superhero comic books are
periodically reworked to try to increase their appeal to
contemporary readers. This practice is almost as
(35) elderly as the medium itself and has in large part
established the “ages” that compose comic book history.
The shift from the Golden to the Silver Age is probably
the most successful (36) example: of publishers
responding to changing times and tastes.
The start of the first (“Golden”) age of comic books is
often dated to 1938 with the debut of Superman in Action
Comics #1. Besides beginning the age, Superman in many
respects defined it, becoming the model on which many
later superheroes were based. His characterization, as
established in Superman #1 (1939), was relatively simple.
He could “hurdle skyscrapers” and “leap an eighth of a
mile”; “run faster than a streamline train”; withstand
anything less than a “bursting shell”; and (37) lift a car
over his head. Sent to Earth from the “doomed planet”
Krypton, he was raised by human foster parents, whose
love helped infuse him with an unapologetic desire to
“benefit mankind.” Admirable but aloof, the Golden Age
Superman was arguably more paragon than character, a
problem only partially solved by giving him a human
alter ego. Other Golden Age superheroes were similarly
archetypal: Batman was a crime-fighting millionaire,
Wonder Woman a warrior princess from a mythical
island.

By contrast, the second (“Silver”) age of comics was
marked by characters that, though somewhat simplistic
by today’s standards, (38) were provided with origin
stories often involving scientific experiments gone wrong.
In addition to super villains, the new, soon-to-be-iconic
characters of the (39) age: Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four,
and the Hulk among them—had to cope with mundane,
real-life problems, including paying the rent, dealing with
family squabbles, and facing anger, loneliness, and
ostracism. Their interior lives were richer and their
motivations more complex. Although sales remained
strong for Golden Age stalwarts Superman and, to a
lesser extent, Batman, (40) subsequent decades would
show the enduring appeal of these characters
More transformations would take place in the
medium as the Silver Age gave way to the Bronze and
Modern (and possibly Postmodern) Ages. Such efforts
(41) have yielded diminishing returns, as even the
complete relaunch of DC (42) Comics’ superhero’s, line in
2011 has failed to arrest the steep two-decade decline of
comic book sales. For both commercial and, arguably,
creative reasons, (43) then, no transition was more
successful than (44) those from the Golden to Silver Age.

Gold into Silver: The “Reverse Alchemy” of Superhero
Comics History
(34)Popular film franchises are often “rebooted” in
an effort to make their characters and stories fresh and
relevant for new audiences. Superhero comic books are
periodically reworked to try to increase their appeal to
contemporary readers. This practice is almost as
(35) elderly as the medium itself and has in large part
established the “ages” that compose comic book history.
The shift from the Golden to the Silver Age is probably
the most successful (36) example: of publishers
responding to changing times and tastes.
The start of the first (“Golden”) age of comic books is
often dated to 1938 with the debut of Superman in Action
Comics #1. Besides beginning the age, Superman in many
respects defined it, becoming the model on which many
later superheroes were based. His characterization, as
established in Superman #1 (1939), was relatively simple.
He could “hurdle skyscrapers” and “leap an eighth of a
mile”; “run faster than a streamline train”; withstand
anything less than a “bursting shell”; and (37) lift a car
over his head. Sent to Earth from the “doomed planet”
Krypton, he was raised by human foster parents, whose
love helped infuse him with an unapologetic desire to
“benefit mankind.” Admirable but aloof, the Golden Age
Superman was arguably more paragon than character, a
problem only partially solved by giving him a human
alter ego. Other Golden Age superheroes were similarly
archetypal: Batman was a crime-fighting millionaire,
Wonder Woman a warrior princess from a mythical
island.

By contrast, the second (“Silver”) age of comics was
marked by characters that, though somewhat simplistic
by today’s standards, (38) were provided with origin
stories often involving scientific experiments gone wrong.
In addition to super villains, the new, soon-to-be-iconic
characters of the (39) age: Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four,
and the Hulk among them—had to cope with mundane,
real-life problems, including paying the rent, dealing with
family squabbles, and facing anger, loneliness, and
ostracism. Their interior lives were richer and their
motivations more complex. Although sales remained
strong for Golden Age stalwarts Superman and, to a
lesser extent, Batman, (40) subsequent decades would
show the enduring appeal of these characters
More transformations would take place in the
medium as the Silver Age gave way to the Bronze and
Modern (and possibly Postmodern) Ages. Such efforts
(41) have yielded diminishing returns, as even the
complete relaunch of DC (42) Comics’ superhero’s, line in
2011 has failed to arrest the steep two-decade decline of
comic book sales. For both commercial and, arguably,
creative reasons, (43) then, no transition was more
successful than (44) those from the Golden to Silver Age.

Gold into Silver: The “Reverse Alchemy” of Superhero
Comics History
(34)Popular film franchises are often “rebooted” in
an effort to make their characters and stories fresh and
relevant for new audiences. Superhero comic books are
periodically reworked to try to increase their appeal to
contemporary readers. This practice is almost as
(35) elderly as the medium itself and has in large part
established the “ages” that compose comic book history.
The shift from the Golden to the Silver Age is probably
the most successful (36) example: of publishers
responding to changing times and tastes.
The start of the first (“Golden”) age of comic books is
often dated to 1938 with the debut of Superman in Action
Comics #1. Besides beginning the age, Superman in many
respects defined it, becoming the model on which many
later superheroes were based. His characterization, as
established in Superman #1 (1939), was relatively simple.
He could “hurdle skyscrapers” and “leap an eighth of a
mile”; “run faster than a streamline train”; withstand
anything less than a “bursting shell”; and (37) lift a car
over his head. Sent to Earth from the “doomed planet”
Krypton, he was raised by human foster parents, whose
love helped infuse him with an unapologetic desire to
“benefit mankind.” Admirable but aloof, the Golden Age
Superman was arguably more paragon than character, a
problem only partially solved by giving him a human
alter ego. Other Golden Age superheroes were similarly
archetypal: Batman was a crime-fighting millionaire,
Wonder Woman a warrior princess from a mythical
island.

By contrast, the second (“Silver”) age of comics was
marked by characters that, though somewhat simplistic
by today’s standards, (38) were provided with origin
stories often involving scientific experiments gone wrong.
In addition to super villains, the new, soon-to-be-iconic
characters of the (39) age: Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four,
and the Hulk among them—had to cope with mundane,
real-life problems, including paying the rent, dealing with
family squabbles, and facing anger, loneliness, and
ostracism. Their interior lives were richer and their
motivations more complex. Although sales remained
strong for Golden Age stalwarts Superman and, to a
lesser extent, Batman, (40) subsequent decades would
show the enduring appeal of these characters
More transformations would take place in the
medium as the Silver Age gave way to the Bronze and
Modern (and possibly Postmodern) Ages. Such efforts
(41) have yielded diminishing returns, as even the
complete relaunch of DC (42) Comics’ superhero’s, line in
2011 has failed to arrest the steep two-decade decline of
comic book sales. For both commercial and, arguably,
creative reasons, (43) then, no transition was more
successful than (44) those from the Golden to Silver Age.

Gold into Silver: The “Reverse Alchemy” of Superhero
Comics History
(34)Popular film franchises are often “rebooted” in
an effort to make their characters and stories fresh and
relevant for new audiences. Superhero comic books are
periodically reworked to try to increase their appeal to
contemporary readers. This practice is almost as
(35) elderly as the medium itself and has in large part
established the “ages” that compose comic book history.
The shift from the Golden to the Silver Age is probably
the most successful (36) example: of publishers
responding to changing times and tastes.
The start of the first (“Golden”) age of comic books is
often dated to 1938 with the debut of Superman in Action
Comics #1. Besides beginning the age, Superman in many
respects defined it, becoming the model on which many
later superheroes were based. His characterization, as
established in Superman #1 (1939), was relatively simple.
He could “hurdle skyscrapers” and “leap an eighth of a
mile”; “run faster than a streamline train”; withstand
anything less than a “bursting shell”; and (37) lift a car
over his head. Sent to Earth from the “doomed planet”
Krypton, he was raised by human foster parents, whose
love helped infuse him with an unapologetic desire to
“benefit mankind.” Admirable but aloof, the Golden Age
Superman was arguably more paragon than character, a
problem only partially solved by giving him a human
alter ego. Other Golden Age superheroes were similarly
archetypal: Batman was a crime-fighting millionaire,
Wonder Woman a warrior princess from a mythical
island.

By contrast, the second (“Silver”) age of comics was
marked by characters that, though somewhat simplistic
by today’s standards, (38) were provided with origin
stories often involving scientific experiments gone wrong.
In addition to super villains, the new, soon-to-be-iconic
characters of the (39) age: Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four,
and the Hulk among them—had to cope with mundane,
real-life problems, including paying the rent, dealing with
family squabbles, and facing anger, loneliness, and
ostracism. Their interior lives were richer and their
motivations more complex. Although sales remained
strong for Golden Age stalwarts Superman and, to a
lesser extent, Batman, (40) subsequent decades would
show the enduring appeal of these characters
More transformations would take place in the
medium as the Silver Age gave way to the Bronze and
Modern (and possibly Postmodern) Ages. Such efforts
(41) have yielded diminishing returns, as even the
complete relaunch of DC (42) Comics’ superhero’s, line in
2011 has failed to arrest the steep two-decade decline of
comic book sales. For both commercial and, arguably,
creative reasons, (43) then, no transition was more
successful than (44) those from the Golden to Silver Age.

Gold into Silver: The “Reverse Alchemy” of Superhero
Comics History
(34)Popular film franchises are often “rebooted” in
an effort to make their characters and stories fresh and
relevant for new audiences. Superhero comic books are
periodically reworked to try to increase their appeal to
contemporary readers. This practice is almost as
(35) elderly as the medium itself and has in large part
established the “ages” that compose comic book history.
The shift from the Golden to the Silver Age is probably
the most successful (36) example: of publishers
responding to changing times and tastes.
The start of the first (“Golden”) age of comic books is
often dated to 1938 with the debut of Superman in Action
Comics #1. Besides beginning the age, Superman in many
respects defined it, becoming the model on which many
later superheroes were based. His characterization, as
established in Superman #1 (1939), was relatively simple.
He could “hurdle skyscrapers” and “leap an eighth of a
mile”; “run faster than a streamline train”; withstand
anything less than a “bursting shell”; and (37) lift a car
over his head. Sent to Earth from the “doomed planet”
Krypton, he was raised by human foster parents, whose
love helped infuse him with an unapologetic desire to
“benefit mankind.” Admirable but aloof, the Golden Age
Superman was arguably more paragon than character, a
problem only partially solved by giving him a human
alter ego. Other Golden Age superheroes were similarly
archetypal: Batman was a crime-fighting millionaire,
Wonder Woman a warrior princess from a mythical
island.

By contrast, the second (“Silver”) age of comics was
marked by characters that, though somewhat simplistic
by today’s standards, (38) were provided with origin
stories often involving scientific experiments gone wrong.
In addition to super villains, the new, soon-to-be-iconic
characters of the (39) age: Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four,
and the Hulk among them—had to cope with mundane,
real-life problems, including paying the rent, dealing with
family squabbles, and facing anger, loneliness, and
ostracism. Their interior lives were richer and their
motivations more complex. Although sales remained
strong for Golden Age stalwarts Superman and, to a
lesser extent, Batman, (40) subsequent decades would
show the enduring appeal of these characters
More transformations would take place in the
medium as the Silver Age gave way to the Bronze and
Modern (and possibly Postmodern) Ages. Such efforts
(41) have yielded diminishing returns, as even the
complete relaunch of DC (42) Comics’ superhero’s, line in
2011 has failed to arrest the steep two-decade decline of
comic book sales. For both commercial and, arguably,
creative reasons, (43) then, no transition was more
successful than (44) those from the Golden to Silver Age.