SAT Pastpaper with Solutions

Daniel J. Kliebenstein and colleagues__________pots of sterilized soil with slurries of live microbes collected from soil in five sites across Colorado, including areas of sagebrush and dry pasture. Kliebenstein and team then grew mustard plants in the pots to see if the different microbial slurries affected levels of spicy glucosinolates like butenyl in the plants'seeds.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Paleontologists think that Dsungaripterus, Sauroposeidon,and other long-extinct pterosaurs and sauropods may have breathed using air sacs connected to tubelike extensions inside the animals' bones. Such structures are found in modern birds, which is why some paleontologists treat the respiratory systems of birds as_________those of Dsungaripterus, Sauroposeidon, and other pterosaurs and sauropods.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Derived from research conducted with factory workers from 1924 to 1933,the Hawthorne effect suggests that participants' awareness that they are being studied alters their behavior and influences study outcomes. Since then, several researchers have claimed to invalidate this phenomenon, positing that the Hawthorne effect cannot be__________because attempts to detect it invariably involve faulty research methods.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The following text is from Julia Alvarez's 2000 novel In the Name of Salomé.The narrator and her sister, daughters of a famous poet, are being tutored by Alejandro Roman.

Our tutor, Alejandro Roman, brought his younger brother, Miguel, to class one day. By now I was eighteen and had learned everything Alejandro had to teach me, so I was glad for a new face. Miguel was an aspiring poet, and he had heard from his brother that the Ureña girls were none other than the daughters of Nicolás Ureña, and they were smart as clockwork. Miguel was hoping not only to meet us but to make the acquaintance of the poet himself at Mama's house.

Based on the text, why does Miguel accompany his brother to the sisters'house one day?

Motivated to sell as many paintings as possible, Alfred Hair, an influential figure among the landscape artists known as the Florida Highwaymen, pioneered "fast painting." which in part involved slashing in elements with a palette knife. That many of Hair's acolytes, including Al Black, imitated the technique accounts in part for the impressionistic qualities that are now synonymous with the group's shared aesthetic. But not all Highwaymen fully embraced this approach; for instance, though Harold Newton was also prolific, his paintings were executed with greater attention to detail.

What does the text most strongly suggest about paintings by Black?

In their study of the steering muscles regulating sclerites (minute hardened structures) in the Drosophila (fruit fly) wing hinge, Johan M. Melis et al. used machine learning to devise a convolutional neural network (CNN) model capable of predicting the pattern of wing motion produced by the maximum activity of the muscles. The CNN model's output aligned with results of prior studies by other researchers measuring muscle activity patterns directly—one of several indications, said Melis et al., that the model accurately represents important biomechanical processes underlying wing motion.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

Advancements like the emergence of ceramics manufacturing in central Europe circa 28,000 BCE are overemphasized in innovation studies,contributing to the idea that technological change always brings greater complexity. Research by Nathaniel Erb-Satullo reveals an important exception: gold metallurgy flourished in the Caucasus in the Bronze Age, but a steep drop during that time (circa 1500 BCE) in objects featuring gold inlay (in which pieces of contrasting materials are inserted in a gold base) and other sophisticated goldsmithing techniques suggests that simpler processes supplanted advanced methods.

 

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

The Reckoning and Resilience (2022) exhibition at Duke University's Nasher Museum of Art was the first to focus entirely on North Carolina artists since the exhibition Across County Lines four years earlier. The curators of the 2022 exhibition included painters like Juan Logan, photographers like Cornell Watson, and printmakers like Ayla Gizlice. But whereas the work by Watson would have fit the theme for Across County Lines, works by Logan and Gizlice would not have.

 

Which finding about the Across County Lines exhibition, if true, would most directly support the underlined claim?

The following text is adapted from Matthew Arnold's 1869 nonfiction book Culture and Anarchy.

The Times [a British newspaper], replying to some foreign strictures on the dress, looks, and behaviour of the English abroad, urges that the English ideal is that every one should be free to do and to look just as he likes. But culture indefatigably tries, not to make what each raw person may like, the rule by which he fashions himself; but to draw ever nearer to a sense of what is indeed beautiful, graceful, and becoming, and to get the raw person to like that.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

While US public charities, like Commonfund, must file Form 990 yearly with the IRS, private foundations, such as the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, must file a different form, 990-PF. In addition, foundations that engage in certain prohibited activities must also file Form 4720 and pay a penalty tax on the money involved. Private foundations are prohibited from holding excess interests in a business enterprise, "self-dealing" (conducting activities that benefit foundation insiders), making taxable expenditures such as outlays for lobbying, and failing to cross a required threshold in making charitable distributions from income. Out of the organizations that filed Form 990-PF in the years 2003-2005__________.

 

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the assertion?

In classical Greek and Roman mythology, female characters are typically cast as either villains lacking in psychological depth or passive victims who are marginal to these stories, which usually focus on the exploits of male characters. Recently, a subgenre has emerged in which writers reimagine these stories from the perspectives of their female characters, giving them agency and complex motivations. Purists argue that such efforts represent a distinctively modern tendency to impose our own values on past civilizations,obscuring those civilizations' beliefs. Defenders of the subgenre counter that reimaginings of the myths for new cultural contexts are almost as old as the myths themselves, suggesting that____________.

 

Which choice most logically completes the text?

Blandine Courel and her colleagues analyzed pottery fragments from thirty-five sites across the Volga and Don river basins to determine whether the ways in which hunter-gatherer societies used pottery in these regions around 6,500-8,000 years ago were influenced primarily by local food availability or primarily by cultural factors. Analysis of organic residues on the pottery fragments showed different prevailing uses for pottery in these locations—cooking and storing terrestrial animal protein at Volga sites and cooking and storing aquatic animal protein at Don sites—which Courel and colleagues attribute to cultural differences.

Assuming that the Volga and Don basins supported similarly sized hunter-gatherer populations 6,500-8,000 years ago, which finding, if true, would most directly support Courel and colleagues' explanation?

Northwestern Florida's Liberty County is among the most rural counties in the United States: the US Census Bureau classified it as 100% rural in 2010. Researchers often struggle to recruit residents of counties like Liberty for inclusion in studies. Melissa Valerio and colleagues tested whether an approach called snowball sampling improves recruitment. Working in two rural counties, they recruited a few people (known as "seeds") with the characteristics desired for a proposed study and asked them to recruit additional participants from their social networks. Though the seeds were given minimal guidance, many more people they recruited had the desired characteristics for the study than would be expected by chance alone, most likely because__________.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

To boost the performance of oil-absorbing resins, which are used to remove oil and other organic compounds from wastewater, one team of materials researchers created a resin with a novel—albeit very expensive—monomer (a molecule that can chemically bond with analogous molecules to form polymers) synthesized from β-cyclodextrin. Other researchers have produced resins consisting of various much cheaper, commercially available methacrylate monomers, including one derived from benzyl methacrylate (BZMA). Testing all these resins' capacity to absorb toluene and trichloromethane, two organic compounds, a scientist concluded that when practical considerations were taken into account, the BZMA-derived resin showed the greatest potential for use in wastewater cleanup.

 

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the scientist's conclusion?

For her installation The Last Cruze, photographer LaToya Ruby Frazier traveled to Lordstown, Ohio, where she documented the lives of workers at the local automobile plant. In the installation, text culled from a series of in-depth interviews with employees and their families__________sixty-seven gelatin silver prints, highlighting the collaborative, documentary nature of Frazier's work.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A single specimen of T. iota, collected at a depth of 1,684 fathoms (3,080 meters) in the South Pacific, and a single specimen of G. rubescens, collected at a depth of 769 fathoms (1,407 meters) in the Indian Ocean, have been preserved as exemplars of their respective_________former in a repository at Washington, DC's Museum of Natural History and the latter in a repository at the Netherlands' Naturalis Biodiversity Center.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In their attempt to create a quantum random number generator, K.Muhammed Shafi et al. used a continuous-wave diode laser to fire photons at a periodically-poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP) nonlinear crystal. A plano-convex lens__________the laser on the center of the 10-millimeter-long crystal ensured a spot size (a measure of the beam's diameter) of 85 micrometers.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In medieval Europe, peppercorns were used as a commodity currency. By using specific goods like peppercorns as common units of exchange, commodity currency economies streamline trade, which is why they often replaced barter economies. Barter economies eschew _________that requires what economist W. S. Jevons deems a "double coincidence of wants"—in other words, each trading party must want precisely what the other has.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

When a given term—"self-fulfilling prophecies"and"role models"are two well-known examples—is generally accepted and frequently used,_________susceptible to obliteration by incorporation (OBI). In cases of OBI, widely used terms are rarely, if at all, attributed to the individuals who coined them.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The world's many geothermal power plants leverage an array of_________the Kakkonda plant uses a flash steam system that transforms high-temperature geothermal fluid into steam; in Italy, the Larderello plant's dry steam system pumps superheated steam from a reservoir; and in Iceland, the Husavik plant's binary cycle system uses lower-temperature geothermal fluid in conjunction with a secondary fluid.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In Annie Dillard's Pilgrim at Tinker Creek—where, early on, the author marvels at a single goldfish's delicate fins but later winces when imagining a horde of goldfish laying and eating their own eggs—Dillard struggles to reconcile the complicated juxtapositions of the natural world._________nature's mesmerizing intricacy and pitiless harshness prove inextricably linked for Dillard, like "two branches of the same creek."

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Long thought to be sessile (immobile),adult Chelonibia testudinaria, barnacles that adhere to sea turtle shells, have been observed to shift slightly in position over time—a phenomenon that has been attributed to the barnacles' passive displacement by water currents. __________a research team found that adult C. testudinaria moved toward the heads of their sea turtle hosts and thus against the prevailing water flow, behavior consistent with self-initiated locomotion.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Architect Victor Gruen, the designer of Arizona's Maryvale shopping mall, conceived of the mall as an indoor version of the European town square, a communal space that encouraged visitors to stroll and linger. __________he designed Maryvale Mall with long, pedestrian-friendly promenades and ample seating areas clustered around fountains and greenery.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

In a given rock formation, Albian rock from 113 million years ago might directly abut Visean rock from 346.7 million years ago, with millions of years of material missing in between.__________time did not stand still during these intervening years; the unaccounted-for sedimentary material was likely removed from the stratigraphic record via erosion and weathering.

 

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

・Silent films can be valuable historical documents of their time.

・Ninety percent of silent films made before 1930 are now lost.

・A film is considered lost when no remaining copies are known to exist.

・Director Josef von Sternberg's 1926 silent film A Woman of the Sea is lost.

・Director Oscar Micheaux's 1920 silent film Within Our Gates is archived at the UCLA Film & Television Archive in Los Angeles, California.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize a difference between the two movies?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

•An isthmus is a strip of land that connects two larger pieces of land across an expanse of water.

•It is also known as a land bridge.

•The Isthmus of Potidea is located in Greece.

•It connects the Kassandra Peninsula to mainland Greece.

The student wants to provide a specific example of an isthmus. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?