SAT Pastpaper with Solutions

Chapter 47

2025.6 : A-A (analysis included)

READING 2 · 27 questions

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

Theater and film scholars often draw parallels between the lives of performers and aspects of roles they've played; however, the most insightful of these discussions, such as Linda Costanzo Cahir's consideration of resemblances between actor Vivien Leigh and the character Blanche DuBois, maintain a rigid distinction between the actor and the character, taking care never to _______them.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

AconflateBepitomizeClambasteDovershadow

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

Some social scientists argue that while a belief in the importance of reason and progress is key to democracy, the public's understanding of history is also central to its subsequent comprehension of a state's politics, and if an electorate is to function, historical issues cannot remain the dominion only of academics. History is too_________to leave to historians alone.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

AaccessibleBcomplexCcriticalDrespectable

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

Some pieces of music might have___________meanings—the compositions of Rosa Guraieb lend themselves to as many different interpretations as there are people to listen to them—and so as long as a listener's interpretation isn't willfully absurd or the result of inattention, it is difficult to justify the claim that the listener has misunderstood the piece.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

AsuperficialBmyriadCdeficientDuntenable

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

The following text is adapted from Neera's 1886 novel Teresa, translated by Martha King in 1998.

Beyond the [porch] extended a piece of land, with some exaggeration called a garden. In truth, it had some flower beds that at first sight confirmed the illusion, particularly at that time of year; since the pansies were in bloom with their infinite shades, with the intense velvet of their dark leaves and the luminous silk of their pale leaves.

As used in the text, what does the word "confirmed" most nearly mean?

ANecessitatedBSubstantiatedCDesignatedDPromised

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

If confirmed by other researchers, a newly reported measurement of Wboson's mass could__________the dominant theory of particle physics, the standard model, as the new measurement differs significantly from the standard model's prediction of the elementary particle's mass.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

AsatisfyBsimplifyCovertakeDundermine

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

The blue shark and the striped marlin are ectothermic (cold-blooded) fish, whereas the salmon shark and the Pacific bluefin tuna are regional endotherms—they retain metabolic heat resulting in body temperatures above the ambient water temperature. Unlike those of ectotherms, regional endotherms' hearts have a relatively high proportion (greater than 30% ) of compact myocardial tissue, which is needed to maintain these animals' blood pressure. In a 2023 study, Haley R. Dolton and colleagues found that basking sharks—planktivorous filter-feeders that were classified as full ectotherms at the time—have hearts consisting of 47% compact myocardial tissue, thereby undermining that classification.

According to the text, which choice most accurately describes the importance of the percentage of compact myocardial tissue in the basking shark's heart?

AIt is insufficient to establish that the basking shark should be categorized as Dolton and colleagues suggest.BIt is higher than that of the salmon shark, a regional endotherm, despite the basking shark being a full ectotherm.CIt is higher than that of the Pacific bluefin tuna, a regional endotherm, which calls into question the basking shark's status as a regional endotherm.DIt is, by itself, sufficient to invalidate how the basking shark has been categorized in the past.

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

Benjamin Prud'homme and colleagues have explored how convergent evolution—a phenomenon that occurs when the same trait evolves independently in two reproductively separate lineages—can result from a genetic mechanism shared by both lineages. Meanwhile, Cynthia C. Steiner and colleagues have investigated how convergence occurs through different genetic mechanisms. However, the relative prevalence of convergence through shared and different genetic processes is still poorly understood. This motivated biologists Delbert A. Green II and Cassandra G. Extavour to evaluate both types of convergence in a single study for their 2012 paper.

Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the rext as a whole?

AIt introduces researchers who will be discussed in greater detail later in the text.BIt gives an example of how some scientists had studied a phenomenon before another study mentioned later in the text was conducted.CIt outlines a study that was influenced by the researchers mentioned later in the text.DIt clarifies a concept that is unclear in some of the studies mentioned in the text.

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

In Muscogee, an Indigenous language from the southeastern region of what is now the United States, hátki means "white," whereas háthaki is used to refer to two or more white things. This phenomenon, in which an element of a root word is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another word that is related to the root word, is called reduplication. In this case, the element "há" in hátki gets repeated in háthakt. There are many examples of this type of reduplication in Muscogee.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

AIt identifies the most frequently occurring words in Muscogee, explains why it is difficult to translate those words into English, and then provides examples of languages other than English into which those words can be translated.BIt explains the phenomenon of reduplication, discusses why reduplication has been controversial among scholars, and then argues that an analysis of Muscogee could help resolve that controversy.CIt describes the relationship between Muscogee and several other languages, raises a question about the nature of that relationship, and then answers that question.DIt presents some specific words in Muscogee, describes the general linguistic phenomenon exemplified by those words, and then states that this phenomenon occurs frequently in Muscogee.

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

The Clouds is a 423 BCE play by Aristophanes, originally written in ancient Greek. At the time, professional intellectuals called sophists taught paying customers a variety of subjects and sometimes engaged in what would now be described as research. Aristophanes satirizes sophists' practices and views as foolish, as seen when the character___________

Which choice most effectively uses a quotation from a translation of The Clouds to illustrate the claim?

AStrepsiades, after taking lessons from a sophist, says to his son, "Approach, that you may know more; and I will tell you a thing, by learning which you will be a man. But see that you do not teach this to any one."BSocrates, a sophist, says to a potential customer, "I wish to briefly learn from you if you are possessed of a good memory."CStrepsiades encourages his son to learn to be a sophist, saying, "If you have any concern for your father's patrimony, become one of them."DSocrates, a sophist, explains why he studies astronomy while sitting in a basket hanging a few feet off the ground, saying, "I should not have rightly discovered things celestial if I had not suspended the intellect, and mixed the thought in a subtle form with its kindred air."

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

Indonesia is trying to increase its electricity capacity (the maximum amount of electricity that can be generated) for renewable energy in order to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, which can be costly financially and environmentally. From 2017 to 2020, Indonesia's use of four renewable technologies has trended upward, but not uniformly: the electricity capacity of solar power fell from 97.4 megawatts in 2017 to 65.5 megawatts in 2018, and the electricity capacity of___________

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the assertion?

Aboth geothermal and wind neither increased nor decreased from 2019 to 2020.Bboth wind and solar never surpassed that of renewable hydropower throughout the four-year period.Cwind was much lower in 2017 than it was in 2018, 2019, or 2020.Drenewable hydropower was much higher than that of solar for all four years.

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

Philosophers note that many people have an intuitive sense that while we ought not to lie, there may be circumstances in which lying is permissible. If this intuition is correct and we lack an inviolable duty to speak truthfully, what grounds opposition to lying in the first place? Japa Pallikkathayil has advanced one answer by appealing to a duty to respect others' agential interests: the possession of false beliefs constrains agency, and thus we ought not to impede the formation of true beliefs unless doing so prevents a greater constraint on someone's agency or an otherwise impermissible end.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

APallikkathayil's argument suggests that if we have a duty to respect other people's agential interests and if possession of false beliefs constrains agency, then we have an inviolable duty to speak truthfully.BPallikkathayil's argument shows that if our intuition that circumstances may make lying permissible is correct, then it is unclear whether there are any grounds for an opposition to lying in the first place.COne potential means of justifying opposition to lying is Pallikkathayil's argument that we have an obligation to respect other people's agency that entails a commitment to truthfulness except in certain circumstances.DMany people have an intuitive sense that lying is permissible in some circumstances but lack a principled way to identify those circumstances, and Pallikkathayil's argument may provide a means of resolving that problem.

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

To detect information about water flow, fish have sensors running from the snout tip down the sides of the head. Yuzo R. Yanagisuru, Otar Akanyeti, and James C. Liao conducted tests to find where the difference in pressure is greatest between two adjacent sensors because, according to the researchers, as these pressure differences increase, so does the amount of information available to the fish. Using the ratio of head width to length, they found that the greatest pressure difference is closer to the snout for narrower heads (lower ratio of width to length) and farther from the snout for wider heads (higher ratio of width to length). Based on this finding, a second team of researchers has hypothesized that the sensors where information is greatest are likely more sensitive than the rest.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the second research team's hypothesis?

AThe longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) has a much narrower head than the devil catfish (Bagarius bagarius), and the most sensitive sensors of the longnose gar are closer to the snout than are those of the devil catfish.BThe longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) has a much narrower head than the devil catfish (Bagarius bagarius), and the most sensitive sensors for both are very close to their snouts.CThe longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) has a much narrower head than the devil catfish (Bagarius bagarius), and while the sensors nearest the snout for the longnose gar are more sensitive than the others, for the devil catfish all sensors are equally sensitive.DThe longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) has a much narrower head than the devil catfish (Bagarius bagarius), and the most sensitive sensors for the devil catfish are closer to the snout than are those for the longnose gar.

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

The following text is from Anthony Trollope' s 1855 novel The Warden. Tom Towers is a writer for the newspaper The Jupiter.

It is true that in far-off provinces men did not talk daily of Tom Towers but they read The Jupiter, and acknowledged that without The Jupiter life was not worth having. This kind of hidden but still conscious glory suited the nature of the man. He loved to sit silent in a corner of his club and listen to the loud chattering of politicians, and to think how they all were in his power; —how he could smite the loudest of them, were it worth his while to raise his pen for such a purpose.

What does the text most strongly suggest about Tom Towers?

AHe has received much praise but tends to overestimate influential people's respect for him.BHe works mainly to earn the esteem of nonlocal readers of The Jupiter.CHe takes private satisfaction in his capacity to influence public opinion.DHe flatters himself that his readers take a greater interest in him than in politicians.

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

Exclusively inhabiting tropical countries such as Ghana, wild chimpanzees lack adaptations to seasonal variations in ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance from sunlight; since UVB exposure enables vertebrates to synthesize vitamin D, Sophie Moittié and colleagues studied zoo chimpanzees in Spain and other mid-latitude countries to see how vitamin D levels are affected by the seasonal variations in UVB irradiance that occur in those locations. They found that chimpanzees' vitamin D levels were significantly lower in autumn than in summer and appeared unaffected by oral supplementation of vitamin D administered by zookeepers. Moittié and colleagues point out, however; that supplementation was rare, highly varied, and poorly tracked, and therefore_________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

Athe effect of supplemental vitamin D on zoo chimpanzees in Spain and other mid-latitude countries can more clearly be observed in summer than in autumn.Bthe possibility that zoo chimpanzees in Spain and other mid-latitude countries would benefit from supplemental vitamin D during autumn cannot be excluded.Cvitamin D levels in zoo chimpanzees in Spain and other mid-latitude countries may be higher during autumn than Moittié and colleagues' data appear to indicate.Ddifferences in vitamin D supplementation likely explain more of the difference in vitamin D levels across zoo chimpanzees in Spain and other mid-latitude countries than seasonal differences in UVB irradiation do.

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

The single origin hypothesis of iron metallurgy posits that the craft originated in Anatolia (West Asia) circa 2200-2000 BCE before diffusing to other parts of the world, including Africa. Some proponents of the hypothesis argue that iron production technologies first arrived in North Africa through Carthage, where the earliest evidence of ironworking dates to approximately 800-600 BCE, before these technologies spread to sub-Saharan Africa over the following centuries. However, excavation of multiple sites on the Adamawa plateau in Central Africa conducted by Étienne Zangato and Augustin Holl uncovered evidence of iron workshops that may have been in operation as late as 900-750 BCE in Gbabari and as early as 2300-1900 BCE in Ôboui and Gbatoro. These findings suggest that__________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

Airon production may have originated in Anatolia much earlier than the available evidence currently indicates.Biron production technologies were likely transmitted from Anatolia to Central Africa via an alternate route than the one suggested by some proponents of the single origin hypothesis.Ciron production technologies found in Gbabari likely derived directly from technologies transmitted from Anatolia, but those found in Ôboui and Gbatoro did not.Diron production may have developed independently and relatively simultaneously in Anatolia and parts of Central Africa.

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

Trisyllabic words__________as dactyls in English metrical verse, such as "article" and "sleepier," consist of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Ahave been classifiedBare classifiedCcan be classifiedDclassified

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

Scheme is referred to as a compiled programming language because it typically incorporates a compiler—a tool that translates lines of code into executable commands. Compiling isn't exclusive to certain programming__________any language can incorporate this tool.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Alanguages; however,Blanguages. However,Clanguages, however;Dlanguages, however:

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

Established in 1936 by African American novelist Richard Wright,___________it would become a vital part of the creative movement known as the Chicago Black Renaissance.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Athe South Side Writers Group provided a valuable forum for Chicago writers to share ideas;Bwriters shared ideas at a valuable forum known as the South Side Writers Group in Chicago;CChicago was where the South Side Writers Group provided a valuable forum for writers to share ideas;DChicago writers in the South Side Writers Group had a valuable forum for sharing ideas;

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

The 1948 founding of the American GI Forum and the 1946 Mendez v. Westminster court decision are regarded as important events in US civil rights_________former establishing a Latino rights advocacy group and the latter legally affirming the rights of Latino students.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Ahistory theBhistory, as theChistory, theDhistory. The

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

The Museum of Modern Art's vast collection of oil paintings, which includes James Ensor's Tribulations of Saint Anthony and Yasuo Kuniyoshi's Self-Portrait as a Golf Player,________among its most captivating offerings.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

AremainBhave remainedCremainsDhave been remaining

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

Reena Esmail, an Indian American classical composer, incorporates Indian musical elements into her work. Esmail's 2013 violin and piano composition Jhula-Jhule intertwines the melodies of two Indian folk_________in TaReKiTa, a 2016 choral composition, Esmail features onomatopoeic notes imitating the sounds of the tabla, a type of Indian drum.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Asongs, for instance,Bsongs. For instance, whileCsongs; for instance,Dsongs, for instance, while

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

The geologic principle of cross-cutting relationships states that an intrusion is younger than the rocks through which it cuts.__________geophysicists analyzing a given rock formation can ascertain that an igneous intrusion that bisects a layer of 358.9-million-year-old Tournaisian rock but not the 303.7-million-year-old Gzhelian rock above it is younger than the former but older than the latter.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

AAccordingly,BMoreover,CTo this end,DThat being said,

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

In the early 1900s, sculptor and collector Gertude Whitney was one of the foremost champions of avant-garde art, helping many US avant-garde artists gain publicity and exposure.__________Whitney offered to donate more than 500 avant-garde works to be displayed at a leading New York museum, but the museum said no—so she opened her own, the Whitney Museum of American Art.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

ATo this end,BIn other words,CIn contrast,DGranted,

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

The traditional process of Turkish paper marbling (ebru) generally proceeds like this: First, the artisan fills a shallow tray with a water bath solution. Next, the artisan adds inks or paints to the solution, which can then be manipulated into intricate designs.__________the artisan slips paper in and out of the liquid, transferring the design onto the paper.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

ANevertheless,BTherefore,CActually,DFinally,

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

·Linguists use phonemes to represent the smallest possible units of sound within a word.

·In English, the phoneme /p/ has labial articulation, which means it is produced using one or both lips, such as in the word "pan."

·The phoneme /z/ has alveolar articulation, which means it is produced by placing the tongue against or near the roof of the mouth, such as in the word "zoo."

·/p/ is plosive, a term used for sounds in which air flow is at first fully blocked.

·/z/is fricative, a term used for sounds in which air flow is partially blocked.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to explain plosive phonemes?

AThe phoneme /p/, a unit of sound in which air flow is at first fully blocked, has labial articulation.BThe phoneme /p/ in the word "pan" is plosive and is produced using both lips.CThe linguistic term of fricative is used for units of sound in which air flow is partially blocked.DIn linguistics, plosive is a term used for units of sound in which air flow is at first fully blocked.

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

·R. Oleksy, L. Giuggioli, and T.J. McKetterick published a study in 2017.

·In it, the researchers found that ingestion by bats had a positive effect on the germination of Ficus grevei plant seeds.

·Jorge E. López and C. Vaughan published a study in 2004.

·In it, the researchers found that ingestion by bats had a neutral effect on the germination of Senna fiuticosa plant seeds.

·J.M. Palmeirim, D.L. Gorchoy, and S. Stoleson published a study in 1989.

·In it, the researchers found that ingestion by bats had a negative effect on the germination of Piper friedrichsthalii plant seeds.

The student wants to make a generalization about the germination of seeds ingested by bats. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

ASeed ingestion by bats can have varying effects on seed germination.BOver the years, researchers have studied the effect that seed germination has had on ingestion by bats.CAs was found in the 2017 study, ingestion by bats has a negative effect on the germination of plant seeds.DBat ingestion has consistently been found to have a positive effect on seed germination.

Tools:

Chapter 47 · 2025.6 : A-A (analysis included) · READING 2

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

·1926: The US Congress gave the US Commerce Department authority to regulate safety standards in the fledgling commercial airline industry.

·1938: Congress transferred this authority to a new independent government agency called the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA).

·1958: Congress transferred authority from the CAA to the newly established Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

·The FAA's first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, updated safety standards and technologies for the era of commercial jets.

·The FAA remains the regulatory authority for airline safety.

The student wants to specify the order in which different government entities were given the authority to regulate airline safety in the US. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

AThe authority to regulate US airline safety transferred from the US Commerce Department to the CAA in 1938, then from the CAA to the FAA in 1958.BThe CAA had the authority to regulate safety for US airlines from 1938 until 1958, at which point authority was transferred to the US Commerce Department by Elwood R. Quesada.CThe FAA, CAA, and the US Commerce Department all had the authority to regulate US airline safety, but they possessed this authority at different times.DThe FAA has regulated airline safety since it was established by the US Congress in 1958.

READING 2 · 27 questions

1 / 27