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Chapter 55

2025.3 : B-C (analysis included)

READING 2 · 27 questions

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

●In botany, strawberries (Fragaria ananassa) are classified as fruits.

●In botany, green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are classified as fruits.

●Green beans are commonly considered vegetables because they taste savory.

●Strawberries are commonly considered fruits because they taste sweet.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between strawberries and green beans. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

AUnlike strawberries, green beans taste savory.BIn botany, strawberries (Fragaria ananassa) and green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are both classified as fruits.CWhile strawberries are commonly considered fruits, green beans are commonly considered vegetables.DStrawberries, which are botanically classified as fruits, taste sweet and thus are commonly considered fruits.

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

Wthile researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

●The United States has designated more than 500 areas National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs).

●Some NWRs were established specifically to protect endangered species.

●The Bear Valley NWR is a 4,200-acre area in Oregon.

●It was established to protect the endangered bald eagle.

●The Ellicott Slough NWR is a 139-acre area in California.

●It was established to protect the endangered Santa Cruz long-toed salamander.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two NWRs. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

AThe US has designated more than 500 areas NWRs, including the Bear Valley NWR in Oregon.BWhile the Bear valley NWR extends across a 4,200-acre area, the Ellicott Slough NWR encompasses only 139 acres.CSome NWRs, such as California's Ellicott Slough, were established specifically to protect endangered species.DBoth the Bear Valley NWR and the Ellicott Slough NWR were established to protect endangered species.

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

As technology has advanced, many countries have sought to gain an advantage in, or even control parts of, space and its celestial bodies._______it is the 1967 Outer Space Treaty---signed by Austria, Finland, and over 100 other nations---that curtails these ambitions and ensures that space remains a neutral place for the international community. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

AConsequently,BSpecifically,CAlternatively,DUltimately,

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

The names of geological eras uniformly describe phases in Earth's evolutionary history (e.g., Cenozoic means "new life"). Names given to geological periods,_____are of diverse origins. The Silurian period is named after the Celtic tribe the Silures, for example, while the Permian period takes its name from the historical region of Perm in Russia. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Ain turn,Bfurthermore,Con the other hand,Dtherefore,

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

Connecticut lawyer and statesman Roger Sherman strategically adopted the pen name "A Citizen of New Haven" when voicing support for the ratification of the US Constitution in the New-Haven Gazette. Publishing pseudonymously offered a number of advantages, such as shielding a writer from criticism and controversy.______by removing a potential source of bias (the writer's name), it encouraged readers to focus on an essay's arguments. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

AMoreover,BIn other words,CSpecifically,DFor example,

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

Kho kho, a tag-like sport that originated in India, was not a medal sport at the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympic Games.______kho kho was featured at the Games as a demonstration sport. Demonstration sports have been featured at past Olympics to showcase lesser-known or regionally significant sports. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

AFor example,BRather,CThus,DAdditionally,

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

Not all plants benefit equally or from the same kind of______sweet gum and carrot, for example, benefit from endomycorrhizal associations; many tree species, such as pine and oak, benefit from ectomycorrhizal associations; and plants in the Ericaceae family, such as cranberry, don't benefit from mycorrhizae at all. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Amycorrhizae,Bmycorrhizae;Cmycorrhizae:Dmycorrhizae

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

In recent years, the English writer Ann Yearsley (1753-1806), whose poetry was widely read during her lifetime, has been rediscovered by contemporary audiences---a resurgence of interest that is largely due to literary scholars such as Stacey McDowell, whose work_______ the richness of Yearsley's poems and the poet's historical importance to the Romantic literary movement encourages a broader rethinking of British Romanticism itself. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

AhighlightsBhighlightingChas highlightedDis highlighting

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

In ancient Mesoamerica, cotton was used as a commodity currency. By using specific goods like cotton as common units of exchange, commodity currency economies streamline trade, which is why they often replaced barter economies. Barter economies eschew_______that requires what economist W.S. Jevons deems a "double coincidence of wants"---in other words, each trading party must want precisely what the other has. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Acurrency in favor of a direct trade systemBcurrency, in favor of a direct trade system,Ccurrency, in favor of a direct trade systemDcurrency---in favor of a direct trade system

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

Despite being one of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO's) newer members, Latvia, which joined the alliance in 2004, is just as protected---and just as bound---by NATO's principle of collective defense as is founding_______ Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Amember---Norway.Bmember: Norway.Cmember, Norway.Dmember Norway.

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

The Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, whose residents mainly spoke Komi, was one of many nominally autonomous Soviet______by giving these restive republics the right to assert their prerogatives, President Mikhail Gorbachev likely hastened the Soviet Union's breakup.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Arepublics established along ethnolinguistic lines;Brepublics established along ethnolinguistic lines,Crepublics. Established, along ethnolinguistic lines,Drepublics; established along ethnolinguistic lines

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

Researchers who study olfaction---the sense of smell---define valence as a person's perception of how pleasant an odor is. Conventional wisdom holds that valence is culturally mediated. A team of scientists led by Artin Arshamian evaluated this view by testing how people from ten different places---including the Semelai people from a small community in the Malay Peninsula and the Chachi people from a small community in Ecuador---ranked ten odors from most pleasant to least pleasant. In general, respondents ranked scents similarly regardless of where they lived, overwhelmingly choosing the odorant eugenol as more pleasant than caprylic acid. These results show that_______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

Avalence may affect cultural traditions more strongly than researchers had previously predicted.Bthe respondents agreed more often on unpleasant odors than they did on pleasant ones.Cthe conventional belief that odor pleasantness can be objectively measured is questionable.Dthe standard view of culture's role in olfactory valence may be unsound.

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

In September of 1989, Indonesia liberalized its stock market, meaning that it began allowing foreign individuals and businesses to invest money in Indonesian companies. This was part of a wave of stock market liberalizations around the world---Jamaica in 1991, Nigeria in 1995, and so on. The standard view among economists at the time was that liberalization would make it easier for companies to raise money from investors. Economist Peter Blair Henry examined the economies of 11 countries that were part of the liberalization wave and found that, on average, companies based in those countries received significant increases in investment in the three years following liberalization, suggesting that________ Which choice most logically completes the text?

Acompanies in Jamaica experienced a greater increase in investment following liberalization than did companies in Indonesia.Bcompanies in the countries Henry studied did not benefit from liberalization until at least three years after liberalization occurred.Ceconomists who held the standard view of liberalization failed to anticipate some serious negative effects of liberalization.Deconomists' expectations about the effect of liberalization on investment were largely correct for the countries Henry studied.

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

A soil's microbial community (the microbial taxa present in their relative abundances) is known to affect plants' nutrient acquisition. Corrine Walsh and colleagues hypothesized that microbial communities could also affect plants' flavor chemistry, including volatiles and secondary metabolites like glucosinolates. Recognizing that soil moisture varies by location in the wild and could influence plants' chemistry, Walsh et al. introduced distinct microbial communities to individually potted mustard plants (Brassica juncea) growing in a controlled environment, then measured the plants' glucosinolates, like 3-methylthiopropyl and allyl (the most prominent), that create the spicy and bitter flavors in mustard. This method thus enabled the researchers to________ Which choice most logically completes the text?

Adistinguish variations in glucosinolates due to differences in microbial communities from those that in a natural setting may be due to differences in soil moisture.Bdisentangle the influence of microbial communities on soil moisture from their influence on glucosinolate content in the plants.Cdemonstrate that differences in plants' flavor chemistry result from differences in the level of glucosinolates regardless of the soil moisture.Dre-create the conditions of studies conducted in the wild that found links between soil microbial communities and levels of 3-methylthiopropyl in mustard plants.

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

A student is writing a research paper on the history of irrigation in the United States, situating the development of the Bear River Reservoir (created in Amador County, California, in 1900) in a larger historical context. The student claims that innovation in irrigation practices throughout the United States has led to designs with increased efficiency. Which quotation from a study of irrigation best supports the student's claim?

A"While the low humidity of Southern California's desert areas makes irrigation a requirement if agriculture is to be a success there, the relatively high humidity in the northern parts of the state makes such practices less necessary."B"The importance of irrigation infrastructure in the United States today cannot be overstated, since it is the most widely utilized means of conveying water for food production. Accordingly, any increase in the efficiency of irrigation, however small, would be of significant economic and social value."C"The irrigation system developed by the Hohokam people in the 7th century CE in what is now Arizona was simple but applied hydraulic engineering design features that are still in use today."D"Competition for water as a scarce economic resource inspired the development of sprinkler irrigation systems, which have contributed to the reduction of water used for irrigation in the United States to 45% of the total water usage of its population. Comparatively, 70% of the world's water usage is dedicated to irrigation."

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

In medieval England, singers and minstrels made livings as traveling performers, but the pieces they performed have been a mystery, thought to be lost or never committed to paper at all. Recently, however, James Wade has argued that a manuscript collection compiled in the fifteenth century by Richard Heege contains three pieces likely copied from a repertoire book belonging to a minstrel working in the area around Heege's home. Wade cites features of the texts indicative of live performance, such as chastising the audience, extensive use of simple structures (allowing for easy memorization), and requests for tips (payment) from listeners. Which statement, if true, would most strongly support Wade's argument?

AHeege's collection contains the earliest examples of the three pieces in question, but each of those pieces occurs in other manuscript collections compiled after Heege's.BThe three pieces in question contain references that presume that the audience is familiar with Brackonwet and other small villages near where Heege lived.CFeatures like simple structures also occur in other texts from the period that were widely read but are not known to have been performed for live audiences.DTraveling minstrels are thought to have performed mainly for elite audiences, and other parts of Heege's collection reflect his interest in works with popular appeal.

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

The bird species Malacoptila fusca (the white-chested puffbird) practices a foraging strategy known as sallying (catching insects in flight and returning to a perch to eat them), enabling it to scan for prey and predators simultaneously. Conversely, Myrmotherula guttata (the rufous-bellied antwren), with which M. fusca shares territory in French Guiana, practices foliage gleaning (picking insects off leaves), substantially limiting the bird's field of vision while foraging, Biologist Ari Martinez and colleagues hypothesized that the greater vulnerability inherent in the latter strategy is reflected in greater sensitivity to predator warning signals from neighboring species.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support Martinez and colleagues' hypothesis?

AWhen Martinez and colleagues played control sounds of random noise, only M. guttata displayed predator-avoidance behavior, whereas both M. guttata and M.fusca displayed such behavior when alarm calls from another local bird species were played.BWhen Martinez and colleagues played alarm calls from a species that does not share territory with M. fusca and M. guttata, M. fusca displayed predator-avoidance behavior, whereas M. guttata did not display any behavioral change.CWhen Martinez and colleagues played alarm calls from another local bird species, M. guttata displayed predator-avoidance behavior, whereas M. fusca did not display any behavioral change.DWhen Martinez and colleagues played M. fusca alarm calls, only M. fusca displayed predator-avoidance behavior, whereas both M. fusca and M. guttata displayed such behavior when M. guttata alarm calls were played.

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

Studies of the population density of cougars (Puma concolor) have yielded a range of results, which may in part reflect differences in the effectiveness of the methods that researchers have used in their studies. For example, the difference between the maximum population density reported by Ross Clarke and that reported by David M. Choate et al. might be artificially large if the use of______ Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

Ahelicopter surveying underestimates the density of cougars.Bhelicopter surveying is more common in Utah than the use of radio-collar tracking is.Cradio-collar tracking underestimates the density of cougars.Dradio-collar tracking is impractical outside of British Columbia.

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

Many artists associated with hyperpop, a movement in electronic music that emerged in the 2010s, conform to the model perfected by the American duo 100 gecs: bold synthesizer arrangements, propulsive beats, and electronically manipulated vocals. Yet the movement is hardly uniform: Swedish recording artist Namasenda incorporates hip-hop rhythms into the hyperpop sound, for example. Such stylistic diversity is encouraged in part by the music-streaming app Spotify, whose curated playlist of hyperpop songs balances cohesion with variety. Which statement about Namasenda is best supported by the text?

AHer inclusion on Spotify's hyperpop playlist inspired established artists to embrace stylistic experimentation.BWhile some of her recordings conform to the model perfected by 100 gecs, others reject it outright.CShe developed her unique sound without being influenced by other artists on Spotify's hyperpop playlist.DHer music diverges from the typical hyperpop sound but doesn't abandon it.

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

Text 1

In a seminal 1979 study, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky presented students and college faculty from Israel, Sweden, and the United States with hypothetical questions involving financial decisions. Finding that participants' responses indicated that losses have a greater psychological impact than equivalent gains do, the researchers formulated the concept of loss aversion, which has since informed research in fields ranging from marketing to law.

Text 2

Dana Zeif and Eldad Yechiam conducted an experiment in which study participants from five countries were exposed to financial choices that involved potential losses of either relatively minor sums of money, such as 20 US dollars (low-stakes contexts), or more substantial sums, such as 100 US dollars (high-stakes contexts). The researchers concluded that only the latter contexts were associated with loss aversion. Based on the texts, how would Zeif and Yechiam (Text 2) most likely respond to Kahneman and Tversky's finding (Text 1)?

ABy contending that the attitude toward financial losses that Kahneman and Tversky observed is contingent on the magnitude of outcomesBBy agreeing that experimental results support the idea that some people tend to be more cognizant of financial losses than of gainsCBy observing that researchers' ability to assess feelings about financial decisions is contingent on gathering adequate data about gains and lossesDBy disputing Kahneman and Tversky's claim that a tendency to place excessive emphasis on financial losses accounts for the loss aversion observed in fields such as marketing and law

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

The following text is adapted from Matthew Arnold's 1869 nonfiction book Culture and Anarchy. The Times [a British newspaper], replying to some foreign strictures on the dress, looks, and behaviour of the English abroad, urges that the English ideal is that every one should be free to do and to look just as he likes. But culture indefatigably tries, not to make what each raw person may like, the rule by which he fashions himself; but to draw ever nearer to a sense of what is indeed beautiful, graceful, and becoming, and to get the raw person to like that. Which choice best states the main purpose of theltext?

AIt argues that what is beautiful is a matter of fact rather than opinion.BIt analyzes the unique sense of taste of the English.CIt indicates that opinions regarding culture shift over time.DIt makes a claim about one of the principal effects of culture.

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

Spoken in Northern California, Karuk is an isolate, or a language that has no demonstrated relationship to other documented languages. The Haida language in Alaska is an isolate as well. However, most Native languages belong to language families, or groups of languages whose similarities can be attributed to shared descent from a single language spoken thousands of years ago. Curiously, isolates are more prevalent in regions where numerous nonisolates are also spoken. Thus, the geographical circumstances that favor the development of isolates may also drive diversification within language families. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

AIt provides examples of isolates, distinguishes isolates from most other Native languages, then discusses a point of correspondence between isolates and nonisolates.BIt compares two isolates, sketches the process by which nonisolates evolve from isolates, then discusses how geography affects the development of isolates and nonisolates alike.CIt defines the concepts of isolate languages and nonisolate languages, distinguishes between the regions where isolates and nonisolates are found, then accounts for this geographical distribution.DIt names several isolates and nonisolates, proposes a similarity between the two categories of languages, then identifies the respective regions where languages belonging to each category are likely to be found.

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

Run by researchers in multiple countries, the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) is an examination of aging that has attempted to track approximately 66,000 people for several years. Long-running studies like this need a lot of participants not merely for statistical robusthess but also because of______: over such a length of time, a substantial number of participants will withdraw or fall out of contact with the researchers. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

AimpartialityBreplicabilityCattritionDcircumspection

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

Analyzing data on Hemitriccus diops and 378 other bird species from the Tyranni suborder, W. Alice Boyle and Courtney J. Conway found that group foragers are much less likely to seasonally migrate in search of food than solitary foragers are, suggesting that seasonal resource scarcity can be_______the greater foraging efficiency that group foraging confers. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Apredicated onBconflated withCovercome byDcompelled by

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

Urban green spaces can improve air quality, as vegetation absorbs pollutants and also dilutes pollutant concentrations through ventilation. However, data from air-quality monitoring stations in locations throughout Romania suggest that this often-cited benefit of vegetation is not always_______; researchers found that when there are many trees along a busy street, ventilation has minimal effect on the air quality. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

AimmoderateBrealizedCunappreciatedDcompressed

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

One way to evaluate the importance of a scholar's research is to_______other scholars' references to that research. For example, a count of other scholars' citations shows that Yale University economist Xiaohong Chen, who studies statistical methods in economics, is referenced frequently, indicating that her work has been significant in the field. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

AenumerateBtransposeCabridgeDcircumvent

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Chapter 55 · 2025.3 : B-C (analysis included) · READING 2

A critical step in validating experimental results is to_______the data through multiple independent analyses. For instance, researchers studying climate patterns often cross-check temperature records with satellite measurements, ensuring that their findings are consistent and reliable. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

AsimplifyBverifyComitDalter

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