SAT Pastpaper with Solutions

While studying material conductivity, a student compiled these notes:

● Generally, stretching a material can alter its electrical conductivity.

● The process of stretching a material is called tensile loading.

● A 2021 study led by J. Lee and A. Smith tested conductivity changes in fibers under tensile loading.

● When a polyaniline (PANI) fiber was stretched, its conductivity increased by 15%. ● When a silver nanowire was stretched, its conductivity increased by 50%.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between PANI fibers and silver nanowires. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

●Gianpaolo Bellini is an Italian particle physicist.

●Particle physicists study subatomic particles.

●Neutrinos are some of the least understood subatomic particles.

●Neutrinos were first discovered in the mid-twentieth century.

●Bellini is known for his research on solar and geoneutrinos.

The student wants to provide an example of a particle physicist whose research focuses on neutrinos. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

●Most of the plant and bird species in Oahu, Hawaii, are non-native.

●In a 2019 study, researchers wanted to know what role non-native birds play in dispersing plant seeds in Oahu.

●Researchers catalogued plant seeds found in fecal samples from non-native birds. ●Clermontia kakeana, a flowering shrub, was one of fifteen native species catalogued.

●Ardisia elliptica, a tree, was one of twenty-nine non-native species catalogued. ●Researchers concluded that non-native birds play a vital role in dispersing the seeds of native and non-native plants.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two plants. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

●Hina Hanta is an online archive curated by the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.

●It features images of cultural artifacts relevant to the history of the Choctaw people.

●It features household items, including a cup (isht ishko in Choctaw) made from clay.

●The cup was made in 1891.

●Hina Hanta features sports apparel, including a stickball collar (innuchi) made from horsehair.

●The stickball collar was made in 2016.

The student wants to make a generalization about the Hina Hanta archive. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A team led by Portuguese researcher Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira found that many species of mushrooms contain chemicals called phenolic compounds, such as protocatechuic acid and biochanin._________Ferreira detected protocatechuic acid in Agaricus bisporus mushrooms and biochanin in Ganoderma lucidum mushrooms.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

In astrophysics, a ring of debris orbiting a larger object within the object's Roche limit is expected to persist as a ring, whereas a ring of debris orbiting outside this limit would likely accrete into a satellite (e.g., a moon). Bruno Morgado and colleagues,_______detected a dense ring of material orbiting the trans-Neptunian object Quaoar at a distance of 2,500 miles, well outside the calculated Roche limit of 1,100 miles, that has remained intact.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Generally, light-colored clothing helps reflect sunlight and keep the body cool. For instance, a white shirt absorbs less heat than a dark one.___a black jacket absorbs more sunlight, making the wearer feel warmer.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

As a leader of the National Woman Suffrage Association in the late 1800s, Olympia Brown of_______an important role in the campaign to secure voting rights for US women.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

While some computer scientists, such as Michael Running Wolf, are optimistic about the use of large language models (LLMs) to preserve endangered Indigenous languages, researchers like Aliya Bhatia of the Center for Democracy and Technology_________that from an archival standpoint, English-based LLMs may do more harm than good, given their propensity for error.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In the 1960s, the Beatles became a global sensation. Their album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" spent a total of 15 weeks at the top of the charts,____marked a major milestone in their career.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The first successful cloning of a mammal, Dolly the sheep, sparked global debate in 1996. Scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland achieved this breakthrough by transferring genetic material ________ an adult sheep's cell into an egg whose nucleus had been removed.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The development of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power,____ significant progress in recent years, but challenges still remain in terms of infrastructure and efficiency.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Born in Nigeria in 1938, musician and activist Fela Kuti pioneered the Afrobeat genre, which fused traditional Yoruba rhythms with jazz, funk, and politically charged lyrics. Emerging in the 1970s, Afrobeat quickly gained traction across West Africa as a voice for social justice and resistance to authoritarian regimes. Kuti's work involved extensive collaboration with local artists, incorporating instruments like the dùndún drum and shekere into his compositions. As Afrobeat spread beyond Nigeria, its influence absorbed elements from neighboring countries' musical traditions, blending highlife grooves from Ghana, mbalax percussion from Senegal, and protest poetry from Mali. This cross-pollination transformed Afrobeat into a pan-African artistic force that resonated globally.

Which detail about Afrobeat's evolution, if true, would best illustrate the underlined claim?

A recent study compared the environmental impact and cost efficiency of four renewable energy sources---solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal---over a 10-year period. Researchers noted that while initial setup costs vary significantly, long-term benefits such as carbon reduction and maintenance expenses are critical to evaluating sustainability. The study concluded: "No single energy source excels in all categories, but policymakers must prioritize trade-offs based on regional needs."

Based on the passage and graphic, which energy source would the study's authors most likely recommend for a region with limited initial funding but a high priority on reducing carbon emissions quickly?

Poems is an 1895 collection of poetry by Frances E.W. Harper. In one of Harper's poems, the speaker suggests that those who mistreat people with less privilege will eventually receive divine judgment for it, saying,_______

Which quotation from Poems most effectively illustrates the claim?

Born in Nigeria in 1944, playwright and activist Wole Soyinka became a pivotal figure in the African Theatre Movement, which gained momentum in the 1970s and later influenced artistic communities across the Caribbean, Europe, and the Americas. Soyinka traveled extensively throughout West Africa, documenting oral histories, indigenous performance rituals, and folklore. These materials became central to the movement's mission of reviving pre-colonial African storytelling techniques while critiquing post-colonial governance and societal inequities. As the movement's influence grew globally, the diversity of cultural narratives and performance styles it embraced increased dramatically.

Which detail about works linked to the African Theatre Movement, if true, best supports the underlined claim?

Dos Mujeres (Salvadora y Herminia) is a painting by Frida Kahlo, dated 1928. It's part of the full collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in Boston, Massachusetts. A digital image of it can also be found in an online collection. In a paper, a student claims that people usually spend more time viewing a work of art in a museum than they do online.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the underlined claim?

The following text is from Mark Haber's 2022 novel Saint Sebastian's Abyss. The narrator and Schmidt are both art critics. When my first wife admitted to Schmidt over dinner that she didn't find art, painting in particular, especially compelling, Schmidt winced, set down his fork, and sighed dramatically; he then excused himself, explaining an appointment he'd forgotten about had suddenly and inexplicably been remembered, while making it abundantly clear there was no appointment at all. 2022 by Mark Haber

Based on the text, what is notable about Schmidt's behavior?

Archaeologists have observed similarities in the tools, such as bidirectional blades, uncovered at the Neolithic-period Mesopotamian settlement of Çayönü Tepesi and those uncovered at roughly contemporaneous settlements elsewhere in Southwest Asia, including those in the South Levant, Central Anatolia, and Central Zagros. Although similarities in tools could be attributed to imitative behavior or trade, Nefize Ezgi Altınışık et al. found evidence of genetic affinity among the populations of Çayönü Tepesi, Central Anatolia, the South Levant, and---to a lesser extent---Central Zagros.

Information in the text best supports which statement about the finding made by Altınışsk et al.?

A team of researchers discovered that Matabele ants can identify an infected wound in a member of the colony and then treat the infection by covering the wound with antimicrobial secretions that the ants produce. The team found that the mortality rate for Matabele ants with infected injuries was reduced by 90% with this treatment, and they are hopeful that this discovery could aid in the development of new antibiotics for human use.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

The following text is adapted from a 19th-century novel. Eleanor, a young artist, visits her estranged father, a reclusive inventor, in his countryside workshop. Eleanor's arrival at her father's workshop was marked by an uneasy silence. Though he greeted her with a nod, his focus remained fixed on his latest contraption---a labyrinth of gears and wires. Undeterred, she began sketching the machinery, her curiosity overriding years of resentment. Hours passed in quiet collaboration: he adjusted his designs, she captured the interplay of light and metal. By dusk, he paused, studying her drawings with a furrowed brow. "You see it differently," he murmured, almost to himself. The words carried neither praise nor criticism, yet Eleanor felt an unspoken shift, as if the air between them had thinned.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

What is a city? The answer depends on where you live! Many countries define an area as a city based on how many people live there. However, not every country uses the same numbers. Albania defines a city as an area with a population of at least 400, while Greece defines a city as having a minimum population of 10,000. Some countries even define cities using other factors, like the number of buildings in the area.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

The following text is adapted from Virginia Woolf's 1919 novel Night and Day. Katharine is the granddaughter of a celebrated poet. [Katharine's] descent from [a celebrated poet] was no surprise to her, but matter for satisfaction, until, as the years wore on, certain drawbacks made themselves very manifest. Perhaps it is a little depressing to inherit not lands but an example of intellectual virtue; perhaps the conclusiveness of a great ancestor is a little discouraging to those who run the risk of comparison with him.

As used in the text, what does the word "manifest" most nearly mean?

There are many famous examples of election pollsters making inaccurate predictions in presidential elections. But neuroscientist and election pollster Sam Wang has said that these prediction failures should not lead campaigns to_______election polling entirely. Polling is about more than just predicting the winner; throughout campaigns, it helps strategists identify where their efforts are most likely to be effective.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Though most hoaxes perpetrated as jokes by mischievous users of Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia that almost anyone can freely edit, have quickly been detected and removed, a few fictitious entries, such as those for the American punk rock band The Deadweights and the 17th-century legislator Nicholas Burkhart, persisted on the site for many years before they were finally recognized as_______and deleted.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

One way to________the importance of a scholar's research is to track how often other scholars refer to that research. For example, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland economist Loretta J. Mester, who studies central banking, is among the world's most frequently cited researchers in her field, indicating that her work has been quite significant.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?