SAT Pastpaper with Solutions

Possessing an outstanding collection of public art, Chicago has everything from monumental mosaics like Marc Chagall's Four Seasons at sites like Chase Tower to innovative street art like Kashink's mural Be The Change You Wish To See located on South Wabash Avenue. The ________ public art on display in the city can thus satisfy any art lover.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Companies are providing consumers with more opportunities to purchase customized products than ever before. Whether buying customized sneakers, jewelry, or clothing, consumers can participate in the design of products to meet their specific needs and tastes. In turn, companies profit too: studies have shown that consumers are willing to pay more and wait longer for a customized product. Still, it can be difficult for companies to offer customization while keeping costs low, as the standard methods of mass production may not be able to accommodate making a unique product each time.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

In a 2018 article about films depicting the experiences of Black Americans, critics for the New York Times praise Madeline Anderson's 1970 film I Am Somebody as "galvanizing" and Carl Franklin's 1995 film Devil in a Blue Dress as "pictureperfect." Fans of the two films hope that such ________will attract new audiences to these works.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Text 1
In separate studies, Stephen Meding and Robert J. Zasoski and Xinhua He and colleagues examined whether plants transfer nutrients to one another using a common mycorrhizal network (CMN)-a lattice of fungal strands in the soil. Meding and Zasoski excluded all pathways other than the CMN by using barriers to keep the plants' root systems separate while allowing mycorrhizal strands through-a crucial step He and colleagues' study did not take.

Text 2
Meding and Zasoski took the necessary precaution of separating the plants' root systems (thereby excluding root-to-root transmission). However, any barrier used must allow the thread-like hyphae of a CMN to pass through, and this permeability would also allow liquids through. Thus, the researchers' experimental design cannot ensure that any nutrient transfer observed can be attributed to a CMN and not to some other pathway.

Based on the texts, the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement?

HMS Surprise, first published in 1973, is a novel in Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes twenty completed books. Some critics have found fault with the abrupt endings of HMS Surprise and other books in the series, saying that they do not finish conclusively but arbitrarily stop. But other critics argue that the books should not be thought of as discrete texts with traditional beginnings and endings but as a single incredibly long work, similar to other multivolume stories, such as John Galsworthy's The Forsyte Saga.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

Optimal foraging theory (OFT) holds that animals' foraging behaviors reflect cost benefit trade-offs that vary by species and with dynamic ecological circumstances. One such circumstance is lunar intensity, which Joel Brown and colleagues found to be negatively associated with foraging by Arizona pocket mice but Deborah J. Curtis and colleagues found to be positively associated with foraging by mongoose lemurs. This discrepancy is explicable in terms of OFT: the lemurs' greater reliance on vision means that higher lunar intensity benefits them more than it benefits the mice.

Which choice best describes the finding made by Curtis and colleagues, as presented in the text?

Vertical gene transfer involves the transmission of genetic material from a parent to offspring; horizontal gene transfer, on the other hand, involves the exchange of genetic material between organisms not in a parent-offspring relationship. While horizontal gene transfer is common among prokaryotes-single-celled organisms, such as the bacteria Brevibacillus borstelensis and Lactococcus lactis-it has rarely been observed among eukaryotes (multicellular organisms). However, new studies suggest that horizontal gene transfer is more common in eukaryotes than originally thought.

Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

Arthurian legends (tales related to the character of King Arthur) derive from many often contradictory sources, such as Vita Sancti Cadoci, composed in the 11th century, and Culhwch and Olwen from the second half of the 12 th century. Sir Thomas Malory's 15th-century text Le Morte d'Arthur was an attempt to compile these stories into a coherent narrative. Many of Malory's sources derive from Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain, written in the 1130s. While neither History nor any works that predate it mention Arthur's famous Round Table at which his knights assembled, Le Morte d'Arthur does, suggesting that _______.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

Mountain summits are described by their elevation (height above sea level) and prominence (height above the surrounding terrain). For example, the mountain _________.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

Neuroscientist Kiyohito Iigaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much). They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported by the participants. Assuming participant P7 gave equal ratings to the impressionist and color-field paintings, the data in the graph suggest that the model predicted that ________

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

Prolonged exposure to anthropogenic noise (sounds from human sources like traffic or mining) can affect animals, as Graeme Shannon and colleagues found in a 2016 study of black-tailed prairie dogs. Researchers conducted a meta-analysis of studies of how such noise affects animals and found that, for every study, relevant traits or behaviors of the animals were observably different between the exposed group and the otherwise similar but unexposed group. Although, on average, studies of mammals showed larger differences than studies of amphibians did, for every class of animals examined, there were individual studies showing differences well above the average for mammals. Therefore, the results of the meta-analysis suggest that ________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

In the novel "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen, Elizabeth Bennet is initially reluctant to accept Mr. Darcy's affection, but her feelings begin to change as she learns more about his character: ________

Which quotation from Pride and Prejudice best illustrates Elizabeth's evolving feelings toward Mr. Darcy?

Biologist Grace Herzel and colleagues conducted a study of how butterfly color and weather conditions relate to butterfly behavior, which wouldn't have been possible without data gathered by students and other amateur science enthusiasts in the community. Considering over three years' worth of data, the researchers found that white butterflies were observed on green flowers more often than any other butterflies were, and that butterflies were observed to feed more often on cloudy days than on other days.

According to the text, which factors seemed to be linked to the behavior of butterflies in Grace Herzel and colleagues' study?

The bird species Myiobius barbatus (the bearded flycatcher) shares some territory in French Guiana with Thamnomanes caesius (the cinereous antshrike), which emits a loud alarm call when it detects predators. Biologist Ari Martinez and colleagues recorded T. caesius alarm calls and played them in the vicinity of wild M. barbatus. Finding that the birds often froze in place or scattered into vegetation upon hearing the calls, they concluded that M. barbatus associates T. caesius alarm calls with danger.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support Martinez and colleagues' conclusion?

Along with carbon dioxide concentration and temperature, light intensity affects the chemical reaction rate of ________ as light intensity increases, so does the rate at which the reactants (water and carbon dioxide) are converted into their products (glucose and oxygen).

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Though he would go on to work with many respected bands, including CAB on their album CAB2, American ________ may be best known for his time with Sugar Hill Records, where he helped craft the sound of early hip-hop music.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Gretchen Legler's short essay on "sound," a word referring to a large inlet or channel of a sea or ocean, is included in the collection Home Ground: A Guide to the American Landscape. The book wasn't written solely by ________ other authors, such as Stephen Graham Jones and Barry Lopez, also contributed essays.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Water freezes at 32°F at sea level, but in Denver, Colorado (elevation: 5,280 feet above sea level), it freezes at around 28°F. Scientist Dr. Sarah Thompson, who studies the effects of altitude on weather patterns, ________ that lower freezing points at higher elevations can influence local ecosystems.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The fungus Tricholoma matsutake, commonly referred to as matsutake, is known to establish ectomycorrhizal bonds with certain pine tree species; in many cases, such symbiotic relationships, wherein fungal hyphae make contact with the pine's root system, ________ extensive networks, which can be used to transport nutrients between trees.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In 2015, geologist Peter Rogerson recalculated the geographic center of Nebraska, which had previously been determined in 1920 by the US Geological Survey (USGS). The USGS, Rogerson contended, had omitted important considerations, not least the curvature of the earth.  ________ the state's USGS determined center-a point 10 miles northwest of the municipality of Broken Bow-was inaccurate.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

On August 5, 1938, aviator Douglas Corrigan received a ticker-tape parade in New York City in recognition of his transatlantic flight. Of the 206 ticker-tape parades held between 1886 and 2022, a number were for achievements in aviation. ________ Corrigan's parade was just one of 16 honoring pilots.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tracks comparative price list data for its thirty-eight member countries. According to this data, in July 2021, a "basket" of goods and services priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in the United States would have cost 66 USD in fellow OECD member ________

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In his painting At the Cycle-Race Track, Jean Metzinger aims to depict a bike race in four-dimensional space. Of course, Metzinger's painting doesn't technically represent a fourth dimension; humans can only see in three dimensions. ________ by depicting the race through multiple, simultaneous perspectives, Metzinger offers a fascinating glimpse at what this other universe might look like.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

· Element abundance is a relative measure of the amount of a chemical element in a given environment.

· Abundance can be expressed as a mass fraction.

· A mass fraction is the ratio of the total mass of an element to the combined mass of all elements in a given environment.

· The mass fraction of magnesium (Mg) on Earth is 154,000 parts per million (ppm).

· The mass fraction of zinc (Zn) on Earth is 40 ppm.

The student wants to specify the total mass of Earth's magnesium relative to that of all elements. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

·The Bauhaus was an influential German art and design school founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius.

· Gropius was the school's director from 1919 to 1928.

· Hannes Meyer was its director from 1928 to 1930.

· Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was its director from 1930 to 1933.

· Josef Albers was a painter and educator who began attending the Bauhaus in 1920.

· Stella Steyn was a painter and illustrator who began attending the Bauhaus in 1931.

The student wants to emphasize the order in which the two students attended the Bauhaus. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

· Generally, an object will heat up when twisted.

· The twisting of an object is known as torsion.

· A 2019 study led by Zunfeng Liu and Ray Baughman tested the torsional
heating of various fibers.

· When a 0.7 -millimeter-thick sample of single-ply nickel-titanium (NiTi) wire was twisted, its average surface temperature increased by .

· When a 2-millimeter-thick sample of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber fiber was twisted, its average surface temperature increased by .

The student wants to contrast the two samples. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?