SAT Pastpaper with Solutions

When Mexican-American archaeologist Zelia Maria Magdalena Nuttall published her 1886 research paper on sculptures found at the ancient Indigenous city of Teotihuacan in present-day Mexico, other researchers readily ________ her work as groundbreaking; this recognition stemmed from her convincing demonstration that the sculptures were much older than had previously been thought.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Possessing an outstanding collection of public art, Chicago has everything from monumental sculptures like Pablo Picasso's Chicago Picassa at sites like Daley Plaza to innovative street art like Justus Roe's mural Standing Wave located on South State Street. The ________ public art on display in the city can thus satisfy any art lover.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The artisans of the Igun Eronmwon guild in Benin City, Nigeria, typically ________ the bronze- and brass-casting techniques that have been passed down through their families since the thirteenth century, but they don't strictly observe every tradition; for example, guild members now use air-conditioning motors instead of handheld bellows to help heat their forges.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The fossil remains of the individual known as Misliya-1, discovered in Israel in 2002, can help paleoanthropologists not only ________ steps in the evolution of hominids but also illuminate the Pleistocene epoch generally, revealing important details about the time in which Misliya-1 lived.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Optimal foraging theory (OFT) holds that animals' foraging behaviors reflect cost benefit trade-offs that vary by species and with dynamic ecological circumstances. One such circumstance is lunar intensity, which Nathan Upham and John Hafner found to be negatively associated with foraging by desert kangaroo rats but lan C.Cotquhoun found to he positively associated with foraging by black lemurs. This discrepancy is explicable in terms of OFT: the lemurs' greater reliance on vision means that higher lunar intensity benefits them more than it benefits the kangaroo rats.

Which choice best describes the finding made by Colquhoun, as presented in the text?

Text 1
In separate studies, Joanna Weremijewicz and colleagues and Xinhua He and colleagues examined whether plants transfer nutrients to one another using a common mycorrhizal network (CMN)-a lattice of fungal strands in the soil. Weremijewicz and colleagues excluded all pathways other than the CMN by using harriers to keep the plants' rout systems separate while allowing mycorrhizal strands through-a crucial step He and colleagues' study did not take.

Text 2
Weremijewicz and colleagues took the necessary precaution of separating the plants' root systems (thereby excluding root-to-root transmission). However, any barrier used must allow the thread-like hyphae of a CMN to pass through, and this permeability would also allow liquids through. Thus, the researchers' experimental design cannot ensure that any nutrient transfer observed can be attributed to a CMN and not to some other pathway.

Based on the texts, the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement?

Text 1
Tor thousands of years, Orodham farmers in the Sonoran desert of the southwestern US and northern Mexico have cultivated organ pipe fruit and beans, sometimes planting these species together so that the organ pipe cacti provide shade for tepary beans. Doing so helps protect tepary beans from the harshest heat and light and thereby helps prevent soil moisture from evaporating.

Text 2
Tepary beans are well adapted to growing in the desert but grow best when shaded. Inspired by O'odham farmers, who often strategically plant tepary beans in the shade of sun hardy species like organ pipe cacti for protection from the sun and heat, Gary Nabhan and colleagues planted tepary beans in the shade of solar panels in the Sonoran desert and found that the plants grew well, suggesting to Nabhan and colleagues that the panels provide a benefit similar to that provided by organ pipe cacti.

Based on the texts, the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 would most likely agree on which point?

Arthurian legends (tales related to the character of King Arthur) derive from many often contradictory sources, such as Y Gododdin, composed between the 7th and 11th centuries, and the Mabinogion from the 12th and 13th centuries. Sir Thomas Malory's 15th-century text Le Morte đArthur was an attempt to compile these stories into a coherent narrative. Many of Malory's sources derive from Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain, written in the 1130s. While neither History nor any works that predate it mention Arthur's famous Round Table at which his knights assembled, Le Morte darthur does, suggesting that _________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

Neuroscientist Kiyohito ligaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much). They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported by the participants. Assuming participant P6 gave equal ratings to the impressionist and color-field paintings, the data in the graph suggest that ______.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

Geographer Adebayo Oluwole Eludoyin and his colleagues surveyed small-scale farmers in three locations in Ondo State, Nigeria---which has mountainous terrain in the north, an urbanized center, and coastal terrain in the south---to learn more about their practices, like the types of crops they mainly cultivated. In some regions, female farmers were found to be especially prominent in the cultivation of specific types of crops and even constituted the majority of farmers who cultivated those crops; for instance, _______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?

It is common for freshwater lakes near or above a latitude of 45°north of the equator, like Lake Stechlin in Germany, to accumulate surface ice in winter A study from 1980 to 2006 showed that, in general, the number of days per winter that such lakes have measurable amounts of surface ice is declining. However, a researcher claimed that some lakes have instead seen an increase in the duration of ice, citing as an example ________

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the researcher's example?

The bird species Cercomacra cinerascens (the gray antbird) shares some territory in French Guiana with Thamnomanes caesius (the cinereous antshrike), which emits a loud alarm call when it detects predators. Biologist Ari Martinez and colleagues recorded T. caesius alarm calls and played them in the vicinity of wild C.cinerascens. Finding that the birds often froze in place or scattered into vegetation upon hearing the calls, they concluded that C.cineruscens associates I. caesius alarm calls with danger.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support Martinez and colleagues' conclusion?

The following text is from Sarah Orne Jewett's 1899 short story "Martha's Lady." Martha is employed by Miss Pyne as a maid.

Miss Pyne sat by the window watching, in her best dress, looking stately and calm; she seldom went out now, and it was almost time for the carriage. Martha was just coming in from the garden with the strawberries, and with more flowers in her apron. It was a bright cool evening in June, the golden robins sang in the elms, and the sun was going down behind the apple trees at the foot of the garden. The beautiful old house stood wide open to the long-expected guest.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

Along with carbon dioxide concentration and temperature, light intensity affects the chemical reaction rate of ________ as light intensity increases, so does the rate at which the reactants (water and carbon dioxide) are converted into their products (glucose and oxygen).

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The fungus Tricholoma matsutake, commonly referred to as matsutake, is known to establish ectomycorrhizal bonds with certain pine tree species; in many cases, such symbiotic relationships, wherein fungal hyphae make contact with the pine's root system, _________ extensive networks, which can be used to transport nutrients between trees.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Though he would go on to work with many respected hands, including John McLaughlin and the Free Spirits on their album Tokyo Live, American _________ may be best known for his time with Sugar Hill Records, where he helped craft the sound of early hip-hop music.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Prolonged exposure to anthropogenic noise (saunds from human sources like traffic or mining) can affect animals, as Erin P. Walsh and colleagues found in a 2017 study of hermit crabs. Researchers conducted a meta-analysis of studies of how such noise affects animals and found that, for every study, relevant traits or behaviors of the animals were observably different between the exposed group and the otherwise similar but unexposed group. Although, on average, studies of arthropods showed larger differences than studies of birds did, for every class of animals examined, there were individual studies showing differences well above the average for arthropods. Therefore, the results of the meta analysis suggest that ________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

The term "retroflex" derives from Latin and means "bent back," an apt descriptor for the branch of consonants-retroflex consonants - pronounced with the tongue curling up and back in the mouth. In many languages, including English, these consonants are _________ in some dialects of Mandarin, however, four such consonants ("ch," "sh," "zh," and "r") are relatively common.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tracks comparative price list data for its thirty-eight member countries. According to this data, in July 2021, a "basket" of goods and services priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in the United States would have cost 59 USD in fellow OECD member ________

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In his painting At the Cycle-Race Track, Jean Metzinger aims to depict a bike race in four-dimensional space. Of course, Metzinger's painting doesn't technically represent a fourth dimension; humans can only see in three dimensions. _________ by depicting the race through multiple, simultaneous perspectives, Metzinger offers a fascinating glimpse at what this other universe might look like. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

From afar, African American fiber artist Bisa Butler's portraits look like paintings, their depictions of human faces, bodies, and clothing so intricate that it seems only a fine brush could have rendered them. When viewed up close, however, the portraits reveal themselves to be _______ stitching barely visible among the thousands of pieces of printed, microcut fabric.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

On June 20, 1932, aviator Amelia Earhart received a ticker-tape parade in New York City in recognition of her transatlantic flight. Of the 206 ticker-tape parades held between 1886 and 2022, a number were for achievements in aviation. ________ Earhart's parade was just one of 16 honoring pilots.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

In 2015, geologist Peter Rogerson recalculated the geographic center of Illinois, which had previously been determined in 1920 by the US Geological Survey (USGS). The USGS, Rogerson contended, had omitted important considerations, not least the curvature of the earth. _________ the state's USGS-determined center-a point 1.5 miles southeast of the municipality of Rochester-was inaccurate. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

· Element abundance is a relative measure of the amount of a chemical element in a given environment.

· Abundance can be expressed as a mass fraction.

· A mass fraction is the ratio of the total mass of an element to the combined mass of all elements in a given environment.

· The mass fraction of oxygen (O) on Earth is 297,000 parts per million (ppm).

· The mass fraction of vanadium ( V ) on Earth is 105 ppm.

The student wants to specify the total mass of Earth's oxygen relative to that of all elements. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

· The Bauhaus was an influential German art and design school founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius.

· Gropius was the school's director from 1919 to 1928.

· Hannes Meyer was its director from 1928 to 1930.

· Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was its director from 1930 to 1933.

· Benita Koch-Otte was a textile artist who began attending the Bauhaus in 1920.

· Grete Stern was a photographer who began attending the Bauhaus in 1930.

The student wants to emphasize the order in which the two students attended the Bauhaus. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

· Generally, an object will heat up when twisted.

· The twisting of an object is known as torsion.

· A 2019 study led by Zunfeng Liu and Ray Baughman tested the torsional heating of various fibers.

· When a 0.7 -millimeter-thick sample of single-ply nickel-titanium (NiTi) wire was twisted, its average surface temperature increased by 21.3℃.

· When a 2.2 -millimeter thick sample of natural rubber fiber was twisted, its average surface temperature increased by 15.3℃.

The student wants to contrast the two samples. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?