SAT Pastpaper with Solutions

Chapter 68

2024.12 : A-E (analysis included)

READING 2 · 27 questions

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

Chelsea Wood et al. tracked temperature-driven changes in the abundance of Podocotyle sp. (a complex life cycle parasite, or CLP, that requires three host species throughout its life cycle), Bomolochus bellones (a directly transmitted parasite, which requires only one host species), and 83 other parasite taxa found on eight fish species. CLPs are transmitted when an infected host is ingested by an individual of another species, typically shielding CLPs from the external environment, whereas directly transmitted parasites are exposed to external conditions during transmission. However, Wood et al. found that three-host CLP abundance decreased as sea temperatures rose, whereas directly transmitted parasite abundance was largely stable, suggesting that________.
Which choice most logically completes the text?

Adirectly transmitted parasites identified in the study were more likely to use transmission strategies that shield them from warming temperatures than were three-host CLPs.
Bany advantages that the transmission strategy used by three-host CLPs may have conferred did not completely offset the negative effects of other temperature-driven factors on CLP abundance.
CCLPs primarily transmitted by ingestion were less dependent on host species adversely affected by warming temperatures than were CLPs that use other transmission strategies.
Das the number of host species involved in a parasite's transmission increases, the parasite is better protected against rising temperatures.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

Drosophila (fruit flies) have generation times of 10-12 days, so seasonal changes in humidity and other environmental conditions can drive seasonal fluctuations in chromosome rearrangements in species such as D. robusta and D. subobscura. Drosophila body size (for which wing centroid size serves as a proxy measure) correlates with reproductive fitness. Banu Şebnem Önder and Cansu Fidan Aksoy measured the wing sizes of members of a D. melanogaster population in Yeşilōz, Turkey, that were collected monthly between May and October over three years. Their research suggests that Drosophila collected in relatively warmer months should tend to have greater reproductive fitness, as is illustrated by the finding that_________.
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?

Athe average female wing centroid size was 2.02 mm in July but was 2.31 mm in June.Bthe average monthly low temperature was higher in June than in May.Cthe average male wing centroid size was larger in July than in October.Dthe average female wing centroid size was consistently larger than the average male wing centroid size in all four months in the table.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

Hemerocallis sp. plants typically carry a negative electrical charge, while bees and other pollinators tend to accumulate a positive charge. Given that negatively and positively charged objects attract, a research team hypothesized that the difference in charges could attract Hemerocallis sp. stamens to the plants' pollinators. Based on the team's experiments, the hypothesis was well supported for positive charges above a certain threshold. The team found that European peacock butterflies exceeded that threshold, which suggests that_________.
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

Abumblebees and paper wasps, with greater maximum charges than European peacock butterflies have, cannot attract the stamens.
Bthe threshold positive charge for a pollinator to attract the stamens must be greater than 200 pC.
Cpaper wasps tend to repel the stamens.
Dbumblebees can also attract the stamens.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

In a chemical reaction, the value known as molar mass helps convert between the mass of the reactants and the mass of the product. The gaseous________have molar masses of 150.21 and 16.04 g/mol, respectively.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Acompounds, thymol and isobutylene
Bcompounds thymol and isobutylene
Ccompounds thymol and isobutylene,
Dcompounds, thymol and isobutylene,

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

In his 2001 poem "Jacob Lawrence: Summer Street Scene," Cornelius Eady contemplates Jacob Lawrence's 1948 painting Summer Street Scene in Harlem. Translating the painting's bold colors and exaggerated shapes into vivid figurative phrases-such as "sleepwalkers through the temporary cool"-Eady suggests the fluid interplay of poetry and painting.________Eady's poem highlights fundamental tensions between these modes of representation.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

AIn other words,
BTherefore,
CSpecifically,
DAt the same time,

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

In the early 1990s, the price of mass-produced comic hooks rose dramatically, which had the counterintuitive effect of________demand: buyers who hadn't previously wanted to purchase comics thronged the market, believing prices would continue to rise and the comics could be resold later at a profit.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Aeliciting
Bcapitalizing
Cexploiting
Dsatisfying

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

Individual elephants and Arctic herbivores such as caribou tend to have fixed geggraphic ronges throughout their lifetimes, which had prompted some researchers to speculate that the Arctic woolly mammoth, an extinct elephantid, might have exhibited similar behavior. Mammoth tusks grew in sequential layers, incorporating ingested minerals and organics, and so each ivory stratum reflects the ratio of strontium isotopes (⁸⁷Sr / ⁸⁶Sr) in the local environment; thus, the sequence of strata shows where the animal roamed during life. Recent analysis of the strontium ratios in the strata of one Arctic woolly mammoth tusk in relation to the geographic distribution of strontium ratios in the environment shows the animal's range begin to expand as it reached sexual maturity, only to contract again in its final 1.5 years.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined statement in the text as a whole?

AIt describes a similarity in the behavior of certain animals in order to show why a method described later in the text did not reveal whether another animal also showed that behavior.BIt discusses a characteristic shared by certain animals in order to explain why researchers raised a possibility that turned out not to be supported by data described later in the text.CIt introduces a trait shared by certain animals in order to contextualize a hypothesis about the origin of that trait that is advanced later in the text.DIt illustrates a pattern of behavior among certain animals in order to present a theory about exceptions to that pattern that is weakened by a finding described later in the text.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

On most of the world's beaches, sand is a predictable cream or beige color. The sand at Cavendish Beach in Canada is an_________sand gets its shade from deposits of gray-and tan-hued quartz and feldspar, deposits of iron oxide and other organic matter lend the sand at Cavendish Beach a colorful red tint.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Aexception: though mostBexception, though, most
Cexception, though. MostDexception, though most

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

Periods of subfreezing temperatures in Alaska have been growing shorter in response to climate warming, potentially enabling increased carbon dioxide (CO₂) absorption through greater productivity of soapberry (Shepherdia canadensis) plants and other vegetation, but also potentially enabling increased CO₂ output through greater heterotrophic respiration (CO₂ generated by the activity of soil microorganisms). Hydrologist Yonghong Yi and her colleagues developed a model incorporating numerous inputs-years of nighttime temperature and snow cover data among them-to evaluate the effects of warming on the CO₂ balance in Alaska, concluding that net CO₂ is likely to increase if warming hastens spring snow melt.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers' conclusion?

AEarly snow melt amplifies the effect of nighttime temperature on the growth of plant species such as S. canadensis and on the rate of heterotrophic respiration.BEarly snow melt slows the growth of plant species such as S. canadensis by reducing soil insulation, and it suppresses heterotrophic respiration.CEarly snow melt extends the period in which plant species such as S. canadensis can absorb CO₂ but has no effect on the rate of heterotrophic respiration.DEarly snow melt reduces the amount of soil moisture available for the growth of plant species such as S. canadensis, and it raises the rate of heterotrophic respiration.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

Some textiles contain silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), which can leach into waterways and soils via wastewater. In a 2018 study, Marta Baccaro and colleagues found that Ag-NPs can accumulate in the bodies of red wiggler worms (Eisenia fetida). While bioaccumulation of manufactured nanoparticles may be inherently worrisome, it has been hypothesized that Ag-NP bioaccumulation in invertebrates like E. fetida could serve a valuable proxy role, obviating the need for manufacturers to conduct costly and intrusive sampling of vertebrate species-such as black rats (Rattus rattus), commonly used in regulatory compliance testing-for nanoparticle bioaccumulation, as environmental protection laws currently require.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the hypothesis presented in the text?

AIt is easier to detect low and harmless concentrations of Ag-NPs in E. fetida than it is to detect high and harmful concentrations of Ag-NPs in R. rattus.BAg-NP concentrations in E. fetida correlate strongly with Ag-NP levels in the environment, whereas Ag-NP concentrations in R. rattus are fairly stable regardless of environment.CCompared with R. rattus, E. fetida can tolerate significantly higher Ag NP concentrations without displaying any negative effects.DWhen E. fetida and R. rattus are exposed to similar levels of, individuals of the two species tend to accumulate similar amounts of Ag-NPs, adjusted for body size.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

Spanning the 1920s to the 1980s, Mexican architect Luis Barragan's prolific career evolved through distinct phases. As epitomized by the houses for Emiliano Robles León in Guadalajara, many of Barragan's first projects integrated traditional Mexican building techniques into Mediterranean designs. Extensive travels abroad later sparked an engagement with modernist and functionalist aesthetics-styles whose emphasis on utility and whose repudiation of traditional architecture's more ornamental elements are readily apparent in Barragán's El Arenal Parish Church.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

AIt presents a general claim about a particular architect's career, describes a design approach that typified the early stages of that career, and then explains a later shift in that career.BIt provides famous examples of an architect's projects, describes the original inspiration for those projects, and then suggests that lesserknown projects by that architect arose from other sources of inspiration.CIt summarizes the career of a particular architect, states how that architect's heritage influenced his career choice, and then emphasizes the impact of that architect's career.DIt names a famous architect, outlines the primary aesthetic model evident in his work, and then offers examples illustrating his commitment to that model.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

Text 1
French Impressionist artist Edgar Degas insisted that his paintings be kept in their original frames after they were sold. Like many Impressionist painters, Degas used painted frames that stood in contrast to the gold frames frequently seen at the Paris Salon, a prestigious art exhibition that was sponsored by the French government and promoted traditional painting styles. Impressionist painters likely chose these colorful frames to distinguish themselves from what was considered conventional at the time.
Text 2
Impressionist painters often focused on the interplay of color and light in their works. As such, those Impressionists who placed their works in painted frames instead of the more traditional gold ones did so for aesthetic reasons: a frame's color was likely chosen because it would harmonize with the colors or subjects in a painting. Gold, conversely, could distract from the subtleties in a painted scene.
Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement?

ADegas's preferred framing style was different from that of most Impressionist painters.
BThe colors in an Impressionist painting were often chosen to complement the colors of the frame it would be placed in.
CGold frames were considered especially desirable by those who purchased works from Impressionist painters.
DMany Impressionist painters were intentional about the frames they selected for their works.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

The following text is from Thomas Mann's 1924 novel The Magic Mountain, translated by John E. Woods in 1995.
The story of Hans Castorp that we intend to tell here-not for his sake (for the reader will come to know him as a perfectly ordinary, if engaging young man), but for the sake of the story itself, which seems to us to be very much worth telling (although in Hans Castorp's favor it should be noted that it is his story, and that not every story happens to everybody)-is a story that took place long ago, and is, so to speak, covered with the patina of history and must necessarily be told with verbs whose tense is that of the deepest past.
What does the text most strongly suggest about the story of Hans Castorp?

ALike all stories about the lives of inconsequential people, this story must necessarily be related in a particular way if the reason the story is consequential is to be made evident to the audience.
BEven though it is a story of a person of no particular importance, its age and the manner in which it therefore must be told are both indicators that the story itself is important.
CIt is a remarkable story that happened to an unremarkable person, though one could plausibly argue that because the story is valuable, some of its value accrues to the person at its center.
DThough it is true that stories of even the most uninteresting people are themselves interesting because all people are unique, the reason this story is interesting is nonetheless difficult to understand because of the passage of time.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

The hypothesized protolanguage from which all 176 Oto-Manguean languages have descended,_________.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

AProto-Oto-Manguean's descendants' linguistic properties were used by experts to infer the language's properties and reconstruct it.
Bthe experts who reconstructed Proto-Oto-Manguean inferred the language's linguistic properties from those of its descendants.
CProto-Oto-Manguean has been reconstructed by experts, who inferred the language's linguistic properties from those of its descendants.
Dthe linguistic properties of the language's descendants were used by experts to infer the properties of and reconstruct Proto-OtoManguean.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

The near-Earth asteroid 1990 OS is orbited by the moonlet S/2003 (162000). In 2022 scientists studying asteroid deflection intentionally crashed a probe into a similar moonlet, Dimorphos, shortening its orbital period by 32 minutes._________ it used to take Dimorphos 11 hours, 55 minutes to orbit the near-Earth asteroid Didymos; now it takes 11 hours, 23 minutes.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

AFor example,BThat is,CFurthermore,DMeanwhile,

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

The Pacific halibut is an ectothermic (cold-blooded) fish, whereas the Pacific bluefin tuna is a regional endotherm; unlike that of ectotherms, its body temperature remains above the ambient water temperature. The basking shark had been classified as a full ectotherm, but researchers Haley R. Dotton et al. found that its body temperature remains 1.0 to 1.5°C above ambient, which is_________that classification.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Aopportune for
Bincongruous with
Csubordinate to
Dindicative of

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

The parks of Seattle, Washington, seem to be making people happier. In 2022, a team of researchers________to find connections between the physical location in which a social media post was created and the content of that post analyzed geotagged social media posts from various sites in Seattle. The team found that posts from the city's parks contained more words associated with happiness than did the other posts.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Awas hoping
Bwere hoping
Choping
Dhoped

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

The Roman historian Sallust's Bellum catalinae, a chronicle of a coup attempt, is an extant work: it can still be read. By contrast, Sallust's history of the Roman Republic, Histories, no copies of which________is a lost work: it can be accessed only indirectly, through references to it in extant works.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Ato survive,
Bsurvive,
Chaving survived,
Dsurviving,

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

There are over 150 species of the cactus genus Mammillaria throughout the Americas, but their survival can be threatened by high precipitation and dense vegetation that blocks sunlight. Researchers have located species from the genus in almost every state in Mexico, with several of them, like M. knippeliana, restricted to only one state. The fact that this genus has not been observed in eastern and western Coahuila has been attributed to a lack of appropriate habitat, but much of the landscape in this area is notoriously inaccessible, which suggests that________.
Which choice most logically completes the text?

Athe perceived absence of Mammillaria in eastern and western Coahuila may be due to insufficient exploration of the region.
BM. knippeliana may have been overlooked in eastern and western Coahuila because of its similarity to another species.
Cthe current methods of collecting and tracking Mammillaria species throughout Mexico may cause an overestimation of the number of species in this genus.
Dthe dense vegetation and high annual precipitation levels in eastern and western Coahuila impede the ability of Mammillaria species to survive.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

Throughout history, tall structures such as Gonbade Qabus in Iran or Hwangnyongsa in South Korea have posed a challenge to their architects, since these structures are more susceptible to physical forces than smaller structures. For example, the lower floors of a building must be able to support the enormous weight of the upper floors. To test a hypothesis that steel is more suitable than concrete for construction of a tall building's lower floors, researchers created a computer model of two buildings that were identical except that one had concrete lower floors while one had steel lower floors, and simulated the effects of the forces of wind and gravity on those structures over the course of a century.
Which finding from the model tests, if true, would support the researchers' hypothesis?

ADuring the simulation, the structure with steel lower floors bent in high wind to a greater degree than did the structure with concrete lower floors.
BAt the end of the simulation, the structure with concrete lower floors was several inches shorter than the structure with steel lower floors.
CDuring the simulation, when sudden forces caused vibrations in the structures, those vibrations took longer to disappear in the structure with steel lower floors than in the structure with concrete lower floors.
DAt the end of the simulation, the structure with steel lower floors had slightly larger dimensions at its base than it did at the beginning of the simulation.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

To address the susceptibility of materials used in components of high-performance machinery, such as aircraft engines, to creep (deformation that is induced by persistent mechanical stress and that often occurs at elevated temperatures), materials researchers have developed silicon carbide (SiC) fibers for producing aerospace composites. Testing the thermomechanical properties of several commercially available SiC fibers, Ramakrishna T. Bhatt et al. found that in comparison with two polymer-derived SiC fibers, a nitrogen-treated SiC fiber exhibited a lower minimum creep rate, a measure of the rate at which a stress-exposed material deforms at a constant temperature and uniaxial load. The finding suggests that________.
Which choice most logically completes the text?

Acomposites based on the two polymer-derived SiC fibers have chemical properties that may improve the mechanical and thermal stability of aerospace equipment to a greater extent than do composites based on the nitrogen-treated SiC fiber.
Bthe two polymer-derived SiC fibers likely hold similar potential for reducing the creep resistance of materials exposed to stress and elevated temperatures, thus prolonging the life span of aerospace machinery.
Cunlike the two polymer-derived SiC fibers, the nitrogen-treated SiC fiber can substantially inhibit creep, provided that temperatures and loads are consistent.
Daerospace composites containing the nitrogen-treated SiC fiber may have the ability to withstand mechanical stress for a longer period of time than can aerospace composites containing either of the two polymer-derived SiC fibers.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

When it comes to crafting policy recommendations to protect species at risk, lessons from previous declines in biodiversity can be especially________. The factors that contributed to the extinction of the pygmy mammoth around 10,800 DCE, for example, may be applicable to endangered species today.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Arelevant
Bdebatable
Csimplified
Didiosyncratic

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

Within Earth's biomes, there are four main types of desert: arid, semiarid, coastal, and cold. The Danakil Desert in eastern Africa is an arid_________with a total area of about 137,000 km², it is one of the largest deserts of any type.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

AdesertBdesert,Cdesert, andDdesert and

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

• A multiyear study called GREEN SURGE examined forty-four different types of UNAs (urban natural areas) in cities throughout Europe.
• A primary aim of the study was to determine the benefits of UNAs in these cities.
• Facade-bound green walls are among the types of UNAs included in the study.
• Facade-bound green walls are defined as exterior walls with plants growing on them.
• They can benefit urban environments by enhancing air quality.
The student wants to emphasize an objective of the GREEN SURGE study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

ADetermining the benefits of UNAs in European cities was a primary aim of the GREEN SURGE study.
BFor multiple years, the GREEN SURGE study was conducted in cities throughout Europe.
CFacade-bound green walls, which were included in the GREEN SURGE study, can benefit urban environments by enhancing air quality.
DTo achieve its main objective, the GREEN SURGE study examined forty-four different types of UNAs, including facade-bound green walls.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• A copyright prevents a book's contents from being reproduced (published) without permission from the copyright holder
• When a book's copyright expires, the book enters the public domain and can be legally reproduced by anyone.
• Cane is a novel by Jean Toomer:
• It entered the public domain in 2019.
• Observations is a poetry collection by Marianne Moore.
• It entered the public domain in 2020.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between Jean Toomer and Marianne Moore. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

ACane, a novel by Jean Toomer, entered the public domain in 2019, unlike Marianne Moore's poetry collection Observations.
BBoth Cane and Observations are in the public domain; however, one is a novel and the other a poetry collection.
CJean Toomer and Marianne Moore are two authors whose works recently entered the public domain.
DThe year was 2020, and the copyright to Marianne Moore's Observations had finally expired.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Maya Lin is an American artist known for her memorials and works of installation art.
• She completed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in 1982.
• It is a memorial sculpture consisting of two 246-foot granite walls, and it is designed to commemorate veterans of the Vietnam War.
• She completed Above and Below in 2007.
• It is an installation composed of aluminum tubing that fills an entire gallery ceiling.
The student wants to describe Above and Below to a new audience. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

ACompleted in 2007, Maya Lin's Above and Below is a large-scale installation artwork composed of aluminum tubing that fills an entire gallery ceiling.BArtist Maya Lin is well known for her installation art, such as Above and Below (2007), and for her memorials.CThough Maya Lin's Above and Below (2007) is not a memorial, its gallery-filling scale may call to mind the imposing Vietnam Veterans Memorial, which consists of two 246-foot granite walls.DMaya Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a granite memorial sculpture that commemorates veterans of the Vietnam War, while Above and Below is an installation artwork.

Tools:

Chapter 68 · 2024.12 : A-E (analysis included) · READING 2

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Sam Maloof (1916–2009) was an American woodworker and furniture designer.
• He was the son of Lebanese immigrants.
• He received a "genius grant" from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in 1985.
• The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, owns a rocking chair that Maloof made from walnut wood.
• The armrests and the seat of the chair are sleek and contoured, and the back consists of seven spindle-like slats.
The student wants to describe the rocking chair to an audience unfamiliar with Sam Maloof. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

With its sleek, contoured armrests and seat, the walnut rocking chair in Boston's Museum of Fine Arts is just one piece of furniture created by American woodworker Sam Maloof.

BSam Maloof was born in 1916 and died in 2009, and during his life, he made a chair that you can see if you visit the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.
CFurniture designer Sam Maloof was a recipient of one of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation's "genius grants."
DThe rocking chair is made from walnut, and it has been shaped such that its armrests and seat are sleek and contoured.

READING 2 · 27 questions

1 / 27